氮磷钾配施对红花产量及其有效成分在器官中分配的影响

Effects of combined application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on yield and distribution of active ingredient in organs of C.tinctorius

于2018—2019年在河南科技学院试验田,以百农红花1号为材料,设计氮、磷、钾三因素和无肥(N0、P0、K0)、低肥(N1、P1、K1)、中肥(N2、P2、K2)、高肥(N3、P3、K3)四水平试验,以T1(N0P0K0)为对照,T2(N0P2K2)、T3(N1P2K2)、T4(N2P2K2)、T5(N3P2K2)、T6(N2P0K2)、T7(N2P1K2)、T8(N2P3K2)、T9(N2P2K0)、T10(N2P2K1)、T11(N2P2K3)为不同配施水平,共11个处理,研究氮、磷、钾肥用量及配比对红花产量的影响,探讨氮、磷、钾不同用量及配比下红花生育期各器官中有效成分分配规律。结果表明:红花花产量随氮肥用量的增加而增加,以T5最高,与T1相比增加59.44%,随磷肥和钾肥用量的增加呈先上升后下降趋势,均以T4最大,与T1相比增加42.87%;红花种子产量随氮、磷、钾肥用量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,均以T4最高,与T1相比增加116.52%。氮、磷、钾肥不同用量及配比对红花生育期各器官中黄酮含量影响有相同规律,从苗期到成熟期,叶和茎黄酮含量均表现为先下降后上升的趋势,根中黄酮含量逐渐增加,红花营养器官中黄酮含量均表现为叶>茎>根;氮和钾抑制了营养器官黄酮向花中的分配与累积,磷促进了红花黄酮向花中分配与累积,单株花黄酮累积量以T9最高,其次为T4,花中黄酮累积量占单株黄酮累积量的比例以T3最高,其次是T2,花中有效成分羟基红花黄色素A以无氮、低磷、低钾时含量相对较高,山奈素含量与氮、磷、钾用量及配比无关;氮、磷、钾促进了种子内黄酮的分配与累积,以T4表现较好。综合考虑产量性状和品质,红花生产中氮、磷、钾用量及配比以T4(N 225 kg·hm^(-2),P 2 O 5150 kg·hm^(-2),K 2 O 150 kg·hm^(-2))表现最佳。

Field trials were carried out in the experimental site of Henan Institute of Science and Technology in 2018 and 2019.The study used nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers with four levels including no fertilizer(N0,P0,K0),low fertilizer(N1,P1,K1),medium fertilizer(N2,P2,K2)and high fertilizer(N3,P3,K3).The treatments were T2(N0P2K2),T3(N1P2K2),T4(N2P2K2),T5(N3P2K2),T6(N2P0K2),T7(N2P1K2),T8(N2P3K2),T9(N2P2K0),T10(N2P2K1)and T11(N2P2K3),and T1(N0P0K0)as a control group.Bainong C.tinctorius No.1 was used as the trial material.The effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium dosage and ratios on yield of C.tinctorius and distribution of active ingredient in different organs at different growth stages of C.tinctorius were investigated.The results showed that the flower yield of C.tinctorius increased with the increase of nitrogen dosage,and T5 was the largest,which increased by 59.44%compared with T1.With the increase of phosphorus and potassium dosage,the flower yield showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,and T4 was the largest,which increased by 42.87%compared with T1.The seed yield of C.tinctorius increased with the increase of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium dosage showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,and T4 was the highest,which increased by 116.52%compared with T1.The dosage of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium and the ratio of flavonoids in different organs in different growth stages of C.tinctorius had the same regularity.The flavonoid content in the leaves and stems showed a trend of first declining and then rising,while the flavonoid content in the root gradually increased.The content of flavonoids was leaf>stem>root from seedling stage to mature stage.Nitrogen and potassium inhibited the distribution and accumulation of vegetative organ flavonoids into flowers,and phosphorus promoted the distribution and accumulation of C.tinctorius flavonoids into flowers.The accumulation of flavonoids per flower was the highest in T9,followed by T4,and the ratio of the accumulation of flavonoids in flowers to the accumulation of flavonoids per plant was highest in T3,followed by T2.The content of hydroxyl safflower yellow A was relatively high when there was no nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,and kaempferol had nothing to do with the level and ratio of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium.Nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium promoted distribution and accumulation of flavonoids in the seeds and T4 was the best.With comprehensive consideration of C.tinctorius yield traits and quality,T4(N 225 kg·hm^(-2),P 2 O 5150 kg·hm^(-2),and K 2 O 150 kg·hm^(-2))was the best fertilization plan for nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium levels and ratios in C.tinctorius production.