不同旱作节水灌溉条件对土壤理化性质及水稻产量的影响

Effects of different irrigation conditions on soil physicochemical properties and rice yield

为探索更为适合的水稻节水灌溉方式,于2017—2019年在宁夏暖泉农场开展大田试验,采用三因素对比设计,设置3种不同水稻节水灌溉方式(保墒旱直播MDDS、播后上水旱直播IDFS及覆膜滴灌旱作FMDI),研究了不同节水灌溉方式对水稻土壤理化性质及产量的影响。结果表明:FMDI分蘖期0~10 cm土层日平均地温3 a平均较IDFS和MDDS增加1.7℃(P<0.05);FMDI节水效果明显,在灌溉水平为80%田间持水量条件下,依然可以保持较高的土壤含水量(3年分别为20.1%、19.9%及20.3%);MDDS和IDFS土壤紧实度分别比FMDI平均高出1.74倍、1.77倍;FMDI处理连续3 a土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾较其他2种耕作处理均有显著增加;FMDI处理有显著增产作用,其3 a经济产量和收获指数均最高,与MDDS相比,FMDI的水分利用效率3个年份增幅分别为54.0%、60.0%和56.0%。综上可知,覆膜滴灌旱作(FMDI)方式为适宜该地区水稻种植的蓄水保墒、增温稳温、培肥地力和高产高效的土壤耕作覆盖措施。

To explore suitable irrigation saving methods in rice production,a large field experiment was conducted at Ningxia Nuanquan Farm from 2017-2019.A three-factor comparative design with three different rice irrigation saving methods(moisture retaining dry direct seeding MDDS,post-sowing top water dry direct seeding IDFS and mulching drip irrigation dry crop FMDI)was used in this study.The effects of different irrigation saving methods on soil physicochemical properties and yield of rice were investigated.The results showed that:(1)FMDI significantly increased the daily average ground temperature in 0~10 cm during tillering stage by 1.7℃on average in 3 years(P<0.05).(2)FMDI had obvious water saving effect,still maintaining high soil water content under irrigation level of 80%field water holding capacity(20.1%、19.9%and 20.3%respectively in three years).(3)The soil compaction of MDDS and IDFS are 1.74 and 1.77 times higher than FMDI respectivley.(4)There was a significant increase in soil organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium in the FMDI treatment for 3 consecutive years compared to the other two tillage treatments.(5)There was a significant yield increase in the FMDI treatment,which had the highest 3-year economic yield and harvest index,while the 3-year FMDI water use efficiency increase was 54.0%,60.0%and 56.0%,respectively.Therefore,the mulching drip irrigation dry crop(FMDI)wasthe most suitable soil tillage cover measurefor this area's rice productionin terms of water storage and moisture conservation,temperature increase and stabilization,land fertilization and high yield efficiency.