“为了农民”与“拒绝农民”——家世观照下赵树理创作之得失

For the Peasant and against the Peasant——The Gains and Losses of Zhao Shuli’s Creation in View of Family

家世作为古代文学研究领域的常见议题,在现代文学中亦具有广阔的应用空间,赵树理研究可为一例。伴随着家道中落,坠入穷人堆里的作家目力所及皆是苦难,强烈的共情使赵树理将“为了农民”视作一直以来的信仰。“农民本位”的心理态势投射到话语实践,赵树理在创作中有意维护农村家庭完整,理解农民对未来的展望很近,重视穷人的人格尊严。然而信仰一旦走向极端就会演变成一种精神负担,“有意识地保持农民意识”使赵树理遇到自己小说创作的瓶颈,过分倚重民间资源造成了文学叙事的枯索呆板。加之作家亲眼目睹诸多亲友因失去土地断绝生路,故深陷于农民与土地的胶着关系中无法自拔,所以在创作中出现拒绝农村青年向外发展,以至于希望其世代匍匐在土地上的偏执情绪。赵树理的家世一方面催生“为了农民”的信仰,一方面呈现“拒绝农民”的悖论。

Family, as a common topic in the research of ancient literature, can also be applied to the studies of modern literature. The case of Zhao Shuli is an example. Along with the decline of his family fortunes, Zhao were impoverished and witnessed suffering to a great extent. His strong empathy aroused him to establish a long-standing faith of “for the peasant”. When the “peasant-oriented” faith was projected into discourse practice, Zhao intended to maintain the integrity of rural family, understand farmers’ short-term future prospects, and attach great importance to the personal dignity of the poor. However, once taken to extremes, faith would become a spiritual burden. “To protect farmers’ consciousness consciously” brought Zhao to a bottleneck in his writing. Excessive reliance on folk resources led him to the rigidity of literary narration. In addition, Zhao witnessed many friends and relatives cut off their livelihoods due to the loss of land, so he could not extricate himself from the intense relationship between farmers and land, which inflicted his paranoid sentiment of refusing the rural youth to leave the countryside in hope of their staying on the land for generations. Zhao’s family gives rise to his faith of “for the peasant” while it is paradoxically mixed with “against the peasant”.