场、坝与卫、司——川滇黔界邻地区的军政中心与市场中心

Markets, Embankments, Garrisons and Ethnic Chiefdoms——The Administrative Centers and the Market Centers in the Bordering Area of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces

关于清代西南地区集场及其在社会经济中的作用,自从施坚雅以来学界已有一些研究,对西南地区的坝子社会,近年来亦有所关注。明代在西南边陲地区一直实行州县与卫所、土司并行的管理体制,虽然自明末至清中叶陆续实行撤卫并县和改土归流的改革,但卫所和土司的影响依然长期存在。从川滇黔界邻地区的叙永来看,场的起源不仅是商业发展的结果,也与帝国向西南扩展过程中的卫所、土司有直接关系。卫所和土司往往建立在地势较为平坦的坝子上,场的发展也首先在这些地方兴起。在此后即清代的发展中,场的发展甚至是代表帝国扩展的政治力量与代表市场化的商业力量相互借力的结果。

There have been some studies on the socioeconomic role that the markets in the southwestern China played in Qing Dynasty since William Skinner. Some attention has also been paid to the embankment(Bazi) society of this region. Ming court practiced an administrative system in which the counties, garrisons and ethnic chiefdoms co-existed and governed local people. The influence of the garrisons and the chiefdoms on the local society lasted, although the garrisons’ territory and population began to be annexed into the counties and the chieftains were replaced by the officials appointed by the court from late Ming to mid-Qing. In the case of Xuyong county in the bordering area of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan, the rise of the local markets was not only the result of commercial development, but also closely related to the garrisons and the ethnic chiefdoms in the process of imperial expansion to the southwest. These garrisons and ethnic chiefdoms were based on the flat terrains called Bazi, and the markets(Chang) came into existence in these lands as well. In the social development of the Qing Dynasty, the markets even became the result of mutual reinforcement by the political power that represented the imperial expansion and the commercial power that represented the marketization.