论卡利科特对利奥波德大地伦理的捍卫和阐发

On Callicott’s Defense and Interpretation of Leopold’s Land Ethic

卡利科特基于生态学、进化论和休谟伦理学与价值论,主要从生物共同体,同情和固有价值三方面对利奥波德的大地伦理进行捍卫和阐发。卡利科特认为,伦理以生物共同体为界限,基于人类的同情情感,伴随着共同体的扩展而进化;大地伦理就是人类对大地共同体(生物共同体)之自然成员的爱之投射,而根本原因在于大自然具有固有价值。他从主客二分的经典科学哲学世界观和量子理论两方面证明了非人大自然具有固有价值。尽管卡利科特的理论存在以生物共同体论证环境伦理的嫌疑和倾向,但他对利奥波德大地伦理的捍卫和阐发推动了现代西方环境理论研究和环境运动,促进了人类环保意识的觉醒。

Based on ecology, evolution theory and Hume’s ethics and axiology, Callicott defends and expounds Leopold’s Land ethic from three aspects, namely biological community, sympathy and inherent value. In Callicott’s view, ethic is bounded by the biological community and evolves with the expansion of the community based on human sympathy;land ethic is the projection of human love towards the natural members of the land community (the biological community), and the fundamental reason lies in the inherent value of nature. He proves that the inhuman nature has inherent value from the classical philosophy of science world view and quantum theory. Although Callicott’s theory might be accused of demonstrating environmental ethics by biological community, his defense and interpretation of Leopold’s land ethic have promoted the modern western environmental theory research and environmental movement and raised human environmental awareness.