我国农村互助养老的政策支持研究——基于政策文本的扎根分析

Research on the Policy Support of Mutual Aid for the Elderly in Rural China——Grounded Analysis Based on Policy Text

互助养老是积极应对人口老龄化和解决中国农村养老难题的可行路径。在探寻农村互助养老政策支持的产生、执行和落地的深层次逻辑的基础上,运用扎根理论研究方法对336份农村互助养老政策进行三级编码,构建基于“政策动力—政策工具—政策网络—政策机制”的四维分析框架进行研究,发现农村互助养老的开展动力分别来自治理困境下的现实压力、科层制下的纵向压力和锦标赛体制下的横向压力。面对多重压力,政府采用供给型、环境型和需求型三类政策工具进行应对。以政府职能部门为代表的行政组织、以村两委为代表的村级组织、以志愿组织和社工组织为代表的社会组织和以老年人为代表的利益相关者构成政策执行的互动网络,而资源筹集机制、组织运行机制、老人互助机制和社会连带机制则推动农村互助养老的实际运行。

Mutual aid for the elderly is a feasible way to actively cope with the aging of the population and solve the elderly care problem in China’s rural areas.The article explores the in-depth logic of the generation, implementation and landing of policy support of rural mutual aid for the elderly, uses the research method of grounded theory to conduct three-level coding of 336 policies of rural mutual aid for the elderly, and constructs a four-dimensional analysis framework based on "policy motivation—policy tools—policy network—policy operation".The research findings show that the motivation to carry out rural mutual aid for the elderly comes from the practical pressure under the dilemmas of governance, the vertical pressure under the hierarchy system and the horizontal pressure under the championship system.In the face of multiple pressures, the government adopts three types of policy tools such as supply tools, environment tools and demand tools to promote the implementation of policies.Administrative organizations represented by government functional departments, village-level organizations represented by two village committees, social organizations represented by voluntary organizations and social work organizations, and stakeholders represented by the elderly constitute the interactive network of policy implementation, and the resource raising mechanism, organization operation mechanism, old people’s mutual aid mechanism and social joint mechanism promote the actual operation of rural mutual aid for the elderly.