论行政处罚的豁免

On the Exemption of Administrative Punishment

豁免规则对于《行政处罚法》而言是一个亟待法内续造的制定法漏洞。其构成应受行政处罚行为的独立要件,而非量罚情节。类推适用刑法中的违法性阻却事由进行豁免,符合事物的本质,可为《行政处罚法》的基本原则所包容。参照刑法中的违法性阻却事由,行政处罚得以因被害人承诺、推定的承诺、假定的承诺、自损行为和危险接受等因法益性阙如阻却违法的事由和正当防卫、紧急避险、法令行为、正当业务行为、自救行为、行政许可、义务冲突等基于法益衡量阻却违法的事由而豁免。认定各个事由时,应当注意区分行政法益与刑法法益,进行个别化法益权衡。

The exemption rule is a loophole in Administrative Punishment Law which needs to be renewed within the law.It is the independent element of the acts deserving administrative punishment,not the circumstance of punishment.Analogizing the grounds for elimination of illegality of criminal law is in line with the nature of administrative punishment,which can also be contained by the basic principles of Administrative Punishment Law.With reference to the grounds for elimination of illegality of criminal law,the administrative punishment can be exempted due to the absence of legal interests such as the victim’s commitment,presumptive commitment,assumed commitment,self-loss behavior and risk acceptance as well as the measure of legal interests such as justifiable defense,emergency avoidance,act of law,act of legitimate business,act of self-rescue,administrative licensing,conflict of obligations.In determining each cause,attention should be paid to the distinguishing administrative legal interests from criminal legal interests,and weighing individual legal interests.