马克思早期关于“主体”问题的三重视域转换——理念主体·世俗主体·无产阶级

Marx’s Early Triple Transformation of “Subject”: Ideal Subject-Secular Subject-Proletariat

“主体”问题是马克思早期思想的重要理论课题。《黑格尔法哲学批判》是青年马克思“主体”思想变革的起点。借助于主谓颠倒法,马克思揭露了黑格尔国家观的神秘性质,将主体的内容从抽象的理念置换成了经验性的存在,即完成了从“地上的神”到“现实的人”的主体转换。《德法年鉴》时期,马克思从之前的封建国家批判推进到了资产阶级国家批判,进而深化了对“主体”问题的思考。在与鲍威尔的论战中,马克思借助政治批判与市民社会批判,将宗教层面的主体(“犹太人”)还原为世俗层面的主体(“利己的人”),并提出了从“政治解放”到“人的解放”的理论逻辑。人的解放理论则为新主体的生成开辟了理论空间,并最终在《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》中提出了作为“非市民社会阶级的市民社会阶级”(无产阶级)。把握马克思早期关于“主体”问题的视域转换及其演进逻辑,对于理解马克思哲学的主体观具有重要意义。

“Subject” is an important theoretical issue of Marx’s early thought. The Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right(Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie) is the starting point of the change of the young Marx’s thought of “subject” . By means of the inversion of subject and object, Marx revealed the mysterious nature of Hegel’s view of the state, and replaced the content of subject from an abstract idea to an empirical existence. In other words, he completed the transformation of subject from “God on earth” to “real man” . In the period of the German-French Annals(Deutsch-Franz?sische Jahrbücher), Marx promoted his criticism from the feudal state to the bourgeois state, and further deepened his thinking on “subject” . In the debate with Bruno Bauer, Marx,by means of political criticism and the criticism of civil society, reduced the religious subject(“Jew”) to the secular subject(“self-interested man”), and put forward the theoretical logic from “political liberation” to “human liberation” . The theory of human liberation opened up a theoretical space for the generation of new subject, and finally put forward “civil social class” as “non-civil social class” (proletariat) in the “Introduction to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” . It is of great significance for understanding Marxist view of subject to grasp Marx’s early triple transformation of “subject” and its evolution logic.