南阳汉画像石中的傩舞图像考

Images of Nuo Dance on Nanyang Stone Reliefs of Han Dynasty

南阳汉画像石中有大量象人戏兽图像。图像中的熊意象为披着熊皮的方相氏,所戏兽类为以穷奇为代表的十二神兽,图像母题旨在于表现以方相氏和十二神兽为中心的傩舞。图像中的象人形象不仅表现为披着熊皮的方相氏,还包括各类手执道具或兵器的“狂夫”,它们是汉代傩舞的引导者。这类图像多出现于南阳汉画像石墓的墓门位置,它们常与羽人、芝草、仙鹤等形象组合,以此表达打鬼和升仙的思想观念,以祈实现墓主人的生命永恒。

There were many images of elephant men teasing beasts on the Nanyang stone reliefs of Han Dynasty. The imagery of the bear was Fangxiangshi clothed in a bear skin, and the teased beasts were the twelve divine animals represented by Qiongqi. The motif of those images was to display the Nuo dance centered on Fangxiangshi and twelve divine animals. The images of elephant men on the stone reliefs not only manifested as Fangxiangshi clothed in a bear skin, but also included various “fanatics” holding props or weapons, who were the guides of Nuo dance in the Han Dynasty. This type of images mostly appeared at the gate of Nanyang stone tombs of Han Dynasty, and they were often combined with images of feathered men, ganoderma, cranes, etc., to express the idea of exorcising ghosts and ascending to immortality, hoping to achieve the eternal life of the tomb owner.