装配式建筑的多样化设计方法研究

Research on Diversified Design Methods of Prefabricated Buildings

近年来,随着我国经济社会的发展和国家政策的推动,装配式建筑在我国呈现出蓬勃发展的态势。标准化是装配式建筑设计的重要方法,但在实践中凸显出标准化带来的多样性不足、建筑立面呆板等问题,标准化与多样化的矛盾成为装配式建筑发展中亟待解决的问题。论文对国内外相关的研究状况进行了梳理和研究,分析了装配式建筑多样化设计的经典案例与方法,总结其成功经验,从建筑形体、表皮、空间、内装四个方面提出了多样性设计方法,希望能为促进装配式建筑的高质量发展发挥积极的作用。

In recent years,with the development of China’s economy and society and the promotion of national policies,the rapid development of the construction industry,the emergence and application of new technologies and new products,more and more people pay attention to prefabricated buildings.In China,prefabricated buildings are still in the initial stage.However,in recent years,the state has paid special attention to the development of prefabricated buildings,and the policy support for prefabricated buildings has been continuously strengthened,and the government has successively issued corresponding guiding concepts.Prefabricated buildings are showing a vigorous development trend in China.Prefabricated buildings are conducive to saving resources,protecting the environment,improving quality and efficiency,and promoting sustainable development,which has become one of the important development trends of the construction industry.It is an important method to standardize the design of prefabricated buildings.In the process of the development of prefabricated buildings,problems such as insufficient diversity brought by standardization and inflexible building facades have emerged,and the contradiction between standardization and diversification has become increasingly prominent.How to realize the diversification of prefabricated buildings under the premise of standardization as much as possible has become a problem worthy of study and attention.The standardized design of prefabricated buildings does not depend entirely on the“mechanical”combination of standard component libraries,and it is difficult to produce them in large quantities like other industrial products.How to coordinate the contradiction between standardization and diversification puts forward higher requirements for the design of prefabricated buildings.From the architect’s point of view,this paper explores the diversified design of prefabricated buildings,and then puts forward a design method with universal guiding significance for the diversified design of prefabricated buildings,hoping to play a positive role in promoting the high-level development of prefabricated buildings.Aiming at the problem of how to carry out diversified design in the development of prefabricated buildings,this paper selects the typical cases of foreign representative architectural design firms in the field of prefabricated buildings,analyzes and summarizes their design ideas and methods.It also sorts out and studies the relevant research situation at home and abroad,analyzes the research experience and understands the existing excellent research results.Through the analysis of these classic cases,we can see the diversified design of prefabricated buildings.The main concerns lie in controlling the materials,details,crafts and technologies of the buildingsrealizing small specifications and multiple combinations of building modules and components,creating flexible variability of architecture and attaching importance to the sustainable development of architecture.These design methods are embodied in the architectural form,elevation,space,interior and other aspects,which endow the architecture with personalized features.The development of prefabricated buildings needs the collaboration and innovation of the whole industry.Architectural design plays an important role in the industrial chain of prefabricated buildings.While emphasizing“standardized design”,it should also pay full attention to“diversified design”of prefabricated buildings.Through the analysis of typical diversified cases of prefabricated buildings,this paper discusses diversified design methods from four aspects:shape,skin,space and interior of prefabricated buildings,so as to promote the organic combination of standardization and diversification and meet the individual needs of users.The architecture produces a variety of architectural forms through various types of modular design and combinations of modular units,and tries to create lively architectural forms while interacting with the environment through the echo of architectural forms and the environment.The building skin is the first business card that the building presents to people.The prefabricated building skin needs to be functional,holistic,technical,cultural and aesthetic,and follow the design principles of modularization,standardization,serialization and combination diversification.Prefabricated skin components mainly include external wall panels,doors and windows,external sunshade,balcony and roof,etc.The architectural functional space should consider the sustainability in its life cycle,and make the use of space adapted to the changes of users’current living habits,economic level,aesthetic differences,family structure,etc.in the functional change link,emphasizing adaptability and variability make full use of the characteristics of integration and modularization of prefabricated buildings to integrate various functional modules use unit modules with specific functions as component base blocks,and use limited standard modules to realize unlimited 2D(plane)series combination and unlimited 3D(shape,elevation,space)series combination and growth,resulting in diversified architectural schemes with different functions,different scales and different performances.The interior design of the building pays attention to the detailed design of parts and components,and establishes an information platform and a mature product system to realize menu customization of parts and components.Owners can choose different combinations according to their own preferences,and determine the decoration scheme through comparison and selection.It is hoped that this study can play an active role in promoting the high-quality development of prefabricated buildings.