城市历史景观(HUL)视角下1949年后城市地标公共文化价值多维度识别——以重庆为例

Multi-Dimensional Identify of the Civic Cultural Values of Urban Landmarks after 1949 Under the Perspective of Historic Urban Landscape:A Case Study of Chongqing Municipality

随着我国城乡遗产类型与时空谱系的拓展,1949年新中国成立初期以及1978年改革开放至今,与革命文化、社会主义先进文化相关的城市标志性建筑、地段逐渐作为中华文化连续文明传承见证的空间载体纳入到我国城乡历史文化保护传承体系中。为此,本文将城市地标作为城市历史景观构成要素,基于关联性、整体性、历时性视角,建立了从地标与城市多维度关联关系识别其公共文化价值的研究方法。该方法提出了区位关系、功能权属、形态特征、称谓方式四大地标特征识别要素和目标导向、权力话语、审美风尚、社会思潮四项价值解析线索,通过对1949-2019年重庆市中心城区79处地标样本的解析,揭示出上述阶段重庆乃至全国城市建设与经济、社会、文化历史背景的内在关联逻辑,以期为1949年新中国成立后优秀历史建筑的普查筛选与保护实践提供判别、指导依据和为我国当代城市建成环境文脉研究提供理论参考。

In 2021,the State Council of China issued the“Opinions on Strengthening the Protection and Inheritance of Historical and Cultural Heritage in Urban and Rural Development”,which proposed the guiding ideology of integrating the urban and rural heritage protection and inheritance practice into the dynamic process of urban and rural development process,and further expanded the value connotation,time and type pedigree of urban and rural heritage objects in China.The requirements above are consistent with the concept of“widely recognizing the heritage value of space objects that are important for urban development in social,cultural and economic processes”and“the integration of historic urban area conservation,management and planning strategies need to be put into local development processes and urban planning”in the proposal of“Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape”which is reviewed and adopted by UNESCO in 2011.The two documents point out the research direction of the current urban and rural heritage protection work with the theme of multi value identification and cultural living inheritance.In this context,widespread urban landmark buildings and sites related to revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture,which built in the early days of the People’s Republic of China founding stage since 1949 and the“reform and opening up”period since 1978,are important carriers for the inheritance and witness of the continuous civilization process of Chinese culture.The identification and research of the public cultural value of urban landmarks during the relevant period is of practical significance for the protection and inheritance of urban and rural heritage in China.On the other hand,in the theoretical research field,although famous scholars of Kevin Lynch(1960),Aldo Rossi(1966)and Charles Janks(2005)created three analysis paths of urban landmark about it perception image,context and symbolic meaning based on cognitive map,“analogical”archetypal analysis and linguistic analysis methods in the works of The Image of the City,The Architecture of the City and Iconic Building,the later studies are still mainly limited to the landmarks itself and the discussion of its design methods and related directions,and rarely examine and analyze the overall relationship between landmarks and urban economic,social and cultural backgrounds from the perspective of a wide range of public culture.For the reasons above,this paper takes the urban landmarks in China after 1949 as the research object,and combines the historic urban landscape theory to construct a multi-dimensional analysis framework for the public value identification of urban landmarks.Taking 79 landmark samples in Chongqing as an example,this paper analyzes their multi-dimension attribute characteristics and public cultural values in the corresponding historical period.The main research contributions are as follows.1)Based on the perspective of relevance,integrity and diachrony of historic urban landscape,the paper expanded the theoretical content of urban landmark research,the traditional research category which focusing on landmark ontology and its morphological characteristics has been expanded to the public cultural value research field that examines the relationship between landmark and urban development,and the static paradigm thinking has been optimized with diachronic process thinking,a more extensive and multi-dimensional theoretical framework for urban landmark research has been established.2)Based on the extensive relationship between landmarks and cities,this paper puts forward four analytical elements of location relationship,functional ownership,morphological characteristics,and appellation characteristics,as well as four civic value analysis clues:development orientation,discourse power,aesthetic fashion and social spirit trends,and constructs an analytical method for the multi-dimensional characteristics,public cultural significance and their evolution laws study of urban landmarks.3)Taking 79 urban landmark of Chongqing from 1949 to 2019 as the research samples,taking the southwest region governance stage,the reform and opening up period,the internationalization period,and the post urbanization period as the analysis stages,this paper analyzes the multi-dimensional characteristics and public values of landmarks of Chongqing Municipality in different periods,and reveals the internal correlation logic between the landmarks and the urban economic,social,and cultural background of Chongqing Municipality and even the country in the above stages.The above analysis methods and conclusions can provide survey criteria and guidance for the registration and protection of historic buildings after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,and provide theoretical reference for the study of the context of contemporary urban built environment in China.