反不正当竞争法一般条款扩张适用的理论批判及规则改进

Theoretical Criticism and Rule Improvement of the Expanded Application of the General Provisions of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law

长期以来,反不正当竞争法一般条款存在扩张适用的现象。其直接原因是大量新型市场竞争行为不断涌现,类型化条款难以直接适用下的实用主义选择,根本原因是对反不正当竞争法功能定位及法律属性的误解。一般条款的扩张适用容易导致过度干预市场行为,由此引发的“假阳性错误”很大程度上背离了反不正当竞争法的立法初衷。基于反不正当竞争法竞争观的重构、自由竞争价值的倡导、确保适度干预原则的贯彻及其作为行为规制法的功能回归,反不正当竞争法的角色定位应回到市场机制的辅助工具上,在审慎论证的基础上启动一般条款。一般条款适用的优化需进一步明确其适用条件,借助法律论证分析框架弱化商业道德标准的不确定性,关切经济分析标准并援引实质性替代等方法分析之,对超出知识产权保护期限的作品原则上不再获得反不正当竞争法一般条款保护。

For a long time,the general provisions of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law have been extended and generalized.The direct reason is that a large number of new market competition behaviors are constantly emerging,and typed clauses are difficult to apply directly under the pragmatism choice.The fundamental reason is the misunderstanding of the function and legal attribute of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law.The expansion application of the general provisions of Anti-Unfair Competition Law can easily leads to excessive intervention in the market,and the“false positive error”caused by it conflicts with the legislative purpose of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law.Based on the reconstruction of the competition concept of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law,the advocacy of the value of free competition,the implementation of the principle of appropriate intervention and the functional regression as a behavioral regulation law,the Anti-Unfair Competition Law should return to its auxiliary tool of market mechanism,and applicate general clauses on the basis of prudent argumentation.In order to optimize the application of the general provisions of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law,it is necessary to further clarify its applicable conditions,weaken the uncertainty of business ethics standards with the help of legal argumentation framework,focus on economic analysis standards and use substantial alternative and other methods,no longer protect the overdue intellectual property by general provisions of Anti-Unfair Competition Law in principle.