12-14周岁低龄未成年人犯罪惩治的理论省视与优化适用——再论《刑法修正案(十一)》第1条

Review and Optimization of the Theory of Criminal Punishment of Minors Aged 12 to 14:Rediscussing Article 1 of the Eleventh Amendment to the Criminal Law

《刑法修正案(十一)》第1条通过有限下调刑事责任年龄、将12-14周岁低龄未成年人纳入刑事追诉对象的方式有效回应了我国的犯罪低龄化趋势。然而,由于立法规定与刑事司法解释的欠缺,儿童利益最大化原则的贯彻与否,“故意杀人、故意伤害罪”的罪之内涵,各实体限制要件间的逻辑关系,“恶意补足年龄规则”的本土引入等在该条款的具体适用中产生诸多理论争议。因而,通过主张恪守“教育为主、惩罚为辅”的消极主义刑事司法观,从严采用“故意杀人、故意伤害罪”的罪名说解释,采用各实体限制要件层层递进的判断基准,对“恶意补足年龄规则”予以本土改造等方式予以理论回应,能够有效助推该条款的规范适用,并兼顾社会治理与儿童利益保护双重机能。

The first article of the 11th Amendment to the Criminal Law effectively responds to the trend of a younger age of crime by reducing the age of criminal responsibility and including minors aged 12 to 14 in the target of criminal prosecution.However,due to the lack of legislative provisions and criminal judicial interpretation,the implementation of the principle of maximizing the interests of children,the connotation of the crime of“intentional homicide and intentional injury”,the logical relationship between various entity restrictions,and the local introduction of the“maliciously making up the age rule”have generated many theoretical disputes in the specific application of this article.Therefore,by advocating the passive criminal justice concept of“education is the first,punishment is the second”,strictly adopting the explanation of“intentional homicide and intentional injury”,adopting the judgment benchmark of each entity restrictive elements step by step,and the local reform of“maliciously making up the age rule”and other ways to give theoretical responses,we can effectively promote the normative application of this article,and give consideration to the dual functions of social governance and protection of children’s interests.