人体类器官技术的生物医学应用、机遇与挑战

Human organoid technology:biomedical applications,opportunities and challenges

类器官技术是指多能干细胞或组织来源的分化/祖细胞依据其多向分化潜能和自组装能力形成3D结构的微器官技术,是生命科学领域的新兴前沿技术。类器官含有器官特有的多种细胞类型,与人体器官具有高度相似的组织学和基因型特征,可部分重现该器官的特有生理功能,并在空间上进行分组和排列。类器官的出现彻底改变了生物医学研究领域体外模型的现状,克服了传统生物医学模型——2D细胞和动物模型的不足,填补了基于人源体系科学模型的空白,可更深入了解发育生物学的潜在机制,为再生医学及人类疾病治疗开辟了新途径。该文就类器官构建方法、发展进程、转化应用以及未来的发展前景展开评述。

Organoid technology is a new frontier technology in the field of life sciences. An organoid is now defined as a3D structure derived from either pluripotent stem cells(PSCs)or organ-restricted adult stem cells(ASCs)and critically dependent on the multi-lineage differentiation and self-organization potential of stem cells in culture. Most excitingly,many recent studies describe organoids as consisting of organ-specific cell types,exhibiting key structural and functional properties through cell sorting and spatially restricted lineage commitment. Human organoids can overcome the disadvantages of traditional biomedical models-2D cell lines and animal models,thus filling the gap of ex vivo human tissue accessibility and related ethical considerations. The rapid advancement of organoid technology revolutionizes biomedical research,promises exciting new insights into developmental biology and opens new routes for necessary clinical approaches to treating human diseases and regenerative medicine. In this review,we discuss the definition of organoids,origin of organoid technology,potential clinical translation applications and existing challenges.