不同改良材料对苏打盐碱化耕地甜菜叶片光合特性、干物质积累和分配的影响

Effects of different soil amendments on photosynthetic characteristics,dry matter accumulation and distribution of sugar beet in soda salinized cultivated land

针对苏打盐碱化耕地作物生长受抑制、产量低的生产现状,选取应用较广泛的3种改良材料——有机硅肥(SF)、腐植酸肥(HF)和微生物菌肥(MF),以不施用改良材料(CK)为对照,探讨不同改良材料对甜菜光合特性、干物质积累和分配的影响,以期筛选出适宜内蒙古西辽河平原区苏打盐碱化耕地的改良材料。结果表明:3种改良材料不同程度改善苏打盐碱化耕地甜菜光合特性。与对照相比,有机硅肥在全生育时期表现出显著调控效果,腐植酸肥在叶丛快速生长期后表现显著,微生物菌肥则在生育前期表现显著,有机硅肥调控效果显著优于腐植酸肥和微生物菌肥;与CK相比,处理SF净光合速率(P_(n))、胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、气孔导度(G_(s))和叶片SPAD值分别提高10.32%~21.77%、9.08%~19.62%、23.14%~43.35%、17.44%~40.93%和23.15%~28.87%;处理HF分别提高5.63%~12.33%、2.37%~13.60%、4.22%~31.01%、14.65%~32.79%和7.93%~20.06%;处理MF分别提高3.82%~10.36%、4.51%~10.14%、1.46%~26.54%、6.72%~20.45%和5.54%~18.18%。3种改良材料通过对光合特性的调控,促进甜菜单株干物质积累,以有机硅肥效果优于腐植酸肥和微生物菌肥;与CK相比,处理SF、MF和HF甜菜单株干物质积累量全生育时期分别提高12.20%~58.06%、3.15%~13.06%和5.91%~20.96%。与对照相比,仅有机硅肥具有调节干物质在不同器官分配的显著效果,叶丛快速生长期促进干物质从叶片向叶柄转运,块根及糖分增长期后促进干物质由叶片、叶柄向块根转运;与CK相比,叶丛快速生长期至收获期,处理SF叶片干物质比例降低4.01%~17.43%、叶柄干物质比例降低7.40%~15.87%、块根干物质比例提高3.34%~5.01%,块根及糖分增长期后甜菜根冠比提高10.88%~23.34%。甜菜叶片光合特性指标、不同器官干物质分配比例与甜菜产量和含糖率之间均存在着显著或极显著相关关系,改良材料的施用通过调节光合特性、改善干物质积累和分配实现甜菜产量和质量的提升,其中以有机硅肥表现最优。

Crop growth and yield is inhibited in soda salinized land.To select suitable soil amendments for soda salinized cultivated land in Xiliaohe Plain of Inner Mongolia,three widely used soil amendments,organic silicon fertilizer(SF),humic acid fertilizer(HF)and microbial fertilizer(MF),were deployed,with no soil amendments as the control(CK).We evaluated the effects of different soil amendments on photosynthetic characteristics,dry matter accumulation and distribution of sugar beet.The results showed that soil amendments improved the photosynthetic characteristics of sugar beet.Organic silicon fertilizer showed significant regulation effects in the whole growing period,while humic acid fertilizer and microbial fertilizer showed significant effects after the rapid growing period of leaf clumps and in the early growth stage,respectively.The regulating effect of organic silicon fertilizer was stronger than that of humic acid fertilizer and microbial fertilizer.Compared with that in CK,the P_(n),C_(i),T_(r),G_(s)and SPAD value of SF increased by 10.32%-21.77%,9.08%-19.62%,23.14%-43.35%,17.44%-40.93%and 23.15%-28.87%;increased by 5.63%-12.33%,2.37%-13.60%,4.22%-31.01%,14.65%-32.79%and 7.93%-20.06%for HF;and increased by 3.82%-10.36%,4.51%-10.14%,1.46%-26.54%,6.72%-20.45%and 5.54%-18.18%for MF,respectively.Soil amendments showed a positive regulation effect on photosynthetic characteristics and facilitated dry matter accumulation,with the best performance of organic silicon fertilizer.Compared with CK,dry matter accumulation of SF,MF,and HF was increased by 12.20%-58.06%,3.15%-13.06%,and 5.91%-20.96%,respectively.Organic silicon fertilizer showed significant effects on regulating the distribution of dry matter in different organs compared with CK,which was conducive to transport of dry matter from leaves to petioles during the rapid growing period of leaf clusters,and promoted the transport of dry matter from leaves and petioles to roots after entering the root and sugar growth period.From the rapid growth of foliage to harvest,the proportion of dry matter in leaves decreased by 4.01%-17.43%,that in petioles decreased by 7.40%-15.87%,and that in roots increased by 3.34%-5.01%.The root shoot ratio of sweet cabbage after root tuber and sugar growth period was significantly improved by 10.88%-23.34%,compared with CK.Moreover,photosynthetic characteristics,dry matter distribution ratio of different organs were significantly correlated with sugar beet yield and sugar content.Soil amendments could improve the yield and quality of sugar beet by regulating photosynthetic characteristics and improving dry matter accumulation and distribution,with the best performance of organic silicon fertilizer.