未被期待的德国应用科学大学何以成功--基于历史的考察

The Unexpected Success of German University of Applied Sciences:Base on the Development of History

加强应用型本科高校建设,是我国高等教育普及化阶段的重要任务。放眼国际,德国应用科学大学在创建之初就迅猛发展,并逐渐成为德国高等教育的重要支柱。本文从新制度主义视角回看德国应用科学大学的产生与发展,发现举办应用科学大学并不是德国高等教育改革的首要举措,也并非当时最被看好的举措。其成功兼具偶然性和必然性,并经历了改革酝酿期、博弈运行期、规范发展期以及战略调整期。未被期待的德国应用科学大学能在制度博弈中脱颖而出,得益于以制度改革积极回应社会诉求、以错位发展将特色转化为优势、以规模速增自成体系、拥有开放包容的发展环境。

Strengthening the construction of application-oriented universities is an important task in the stage of the popularization of higher education in China.The German applied sciences universities have developed rapidly since their establishment and have gradually become an important pillar of German higher education.From the perspective of new institutionalism,this paper reviews the emergence and development of German applied science universities,and finds that the establishment of applied science universities was not the primary measure of German higher education reform,nor was it the most promising measure at that time.Its success was both accidental and inevitable.It has gone through the gestation period of reform,game operation period,normative development period,and strategic adjustment period.The unexpected success of German applied sciences universities in institutional reform is due to the positive response to social demands through institutional reforms,the transformation of characteristics into advantages through dislocation development,the rapid growth of scale to form a self-contained system,and the open and inclusive development environment.