速度滑冰运动员生理学特征研究进展

Research Progress on Physiological Characteristics of Speed Skaters

目的 探索速度滑冰运动员生理学和生物力学特征,为我国速度滑冰运动员提升运动表现提供理论支持。方法 基于中外文献,对影响速度滑冰运动表现的运动形态特点、能量代谢特征、血氧特征和肌肉活动特征等进行综述。结果 1)速滑运动员的形态学特征表现为BMI高、瘦体重大、体脂百分比低;2)速度滑冰的生物力学特征与生理学特征之间存在矛盾,即较低的蜷曲体态在造成生物力学优势的同时,会引起下肢远端缺血,加速疲劳的累积;3)比赛中,速滑运动员以糖酵解系统供能为主;4)速度滑冰是周期性运动,其中,股四头肌和胫骨前肌在冰上的放电时间和肌肉贡献率较高,而臀大肌较低。结论 应加强我国速度滑冰运动员生理学方向的研究,为我国速度滑冰选材、训练和比赛提供科学数据支持。

Objective To explore the physiological and biomechanical characteristics of speed skaters, and provide theoretical support for Chinese speed skaters to improve their performance. Methods Based on the Chinese and foreign literature, the characteristics of sports form, energy metabolism, blood oxygen and muscle activity that affect the performance of speed skating were reviewed. Results1) The morphological characteristics of speed skaters were high BMI, heavy lean body, low body fat. 2) There is a contradiction between the biomechanical characteristics and physiological characteristics of speed skating, that is, the low curling posture will cause the biomechanical advantage, at the same time, it will cause the distal ischemia of the lower limb, and accelerate the accumulation of fatigue. 3) In the competition, the speed skaters mainly use the glycolysis system for energy supply. 4) Speed skating is a periodic exercise, in which the quadriceps femoris and tibialis anterior muscles have a higher discharge time and muscle contribution rate on the ice, while gluteus maximus has a lower contribution rate. Conclusion The research on physiology of Chinese speed skaters should be strengthened to provide scientific data support for the selection, training and competition of Chinese speed skaters.