唐代苏同家族墓天王俑彩绘的光谱分析

Study of the Painted Warrior Figurines Excavated in the Tomb of the Sutong Family(Tang Dynasty)by Spectroscopic Techniques

天王俑是中原地区的达官贵人墓葬的镇墓俑,是唐墓葬冥器中重要的一种神煞俑。为探究天王俑彩绘颜料的组成元素以及彩绘工艺,使用X射线荧光光谱分析了陕西省咸阳市渭城区苏同家族墓KTJ-2019-019M2、KTJ-2019-019M3坑出土的天王俑彩绘区域的元素组成。分析结果表明陶俑表面金色贴片主要为金箔(Au);红色颜料的组成元素则是Hg、S以及少量的Pb、P;蓝色颜料和绿色颜料的组成元素均为Cu,白色颜料的组成元素为P、S、Pb。使用拉曼光谱对彩绘颜料层的鉴定物相,使用拉曼光谱分析技术对彩绘层分析结果确定了红色颜料的主要组成物相为朱砂(HgS)和铅丹(Pb_(3)O_(4))的混合颜料;蓝色颜料的主要组成物相为石青;绿色颜料的主要组成物相为石绿;白色颜料的组成物相可能为铅白。进一步使用XRF面扫描技术分析了天王俑的彩绘工艺,解析金、红、蓝、绿色区域的组成元素位置,发现陶块样品中的M_(2)-1金色陶块、M_(3)-1白色陶块、M_(3)-2红色陶块、M_(3)-3蓝色陶块、M_(3)-4绿色陶块的彩绘均使用的是单层工艺,而M_(2)-2样品彩绘是在以铅白为底再施加一层朱砂和铅丹混合颜料,即使用了双层彩绘工艺,通过将唐代苏同家族墓天王俑彩绘层测试结果与唐代各地区出土彩绘文物进行比较,得到唐代苏同家族墓使用的各种彩绘颜料与同时期不同地区出土彩绘文物使用彩绘一致。使用X射线荧光光谱面扫技术能直观得到颜料层的元素分布特征,可以为天王俑的保护以及修复工作提供可靠的科学支持和有益借鉴。

Warrior Figurines is an important God and ghost Figurine in the tomb of the Tang Dynasty.It is the tomb of dignitaries and dignitaries in the Central Plains.In order to explore the color elements and color painting technology of the color painting pigments of the terracotta warriors,X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is used to analyze the elemental composition of the painted area of the king terracotta figures unearthed from the pits KTJ-2019-M_(2) and KTJ-2019-M_(3) of the Sutong family tomb in Weicheng District,Xianyang City,Shaanxi Province.The results show that the gold patch on the surface of the terracotta figures is mainly gold foil(Au);the constituent elements of red pigment are Hg,S and a small amount of Pb and P;The constituent elements of blue pigment and green pigment are Cu,and the constituent elements of white pigment are P,S and Pb.Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the phase of color painting pigment layer.The identification results showed that the phase of red pigment was the mixed pigment of cinnabar(HgS)and Pb_(3)O_(4);The phase of blue pigment is Azurite;The phase of green pigment is Malachite green;White pigments may be Cerussite.Further,XRF surface scanning technology was used to analyze the color painting process of the heavenly king figurines,and the element positions in the gold,red,blue and green areas were analyzed.It was found that the color painting of M_(2)-1,M_(3)-1,M_(3)-2,M_(3)-3,M_(3)-4 in the ceramic block samples used a single-layer process.The M_(2)-2 sample color is based on Cerussite and then applied with a layer of cinnabar and minimum mixed pigment,that is,the double-layer color painting process is used.By comparing the test results of the color painting layer of the king terracotta figures of the Sutong Family Tomb of the Tang Dynasty with the color painting cultural relics unearthed in various regions of the Tang Dynasty,it is found that the color painting pigments used in the Sutong Family Tomb of the Tang Dynasty are consistent with the color painting of the color painting cultural relics unearthed in different regions of the same period.The element distribution characteristics of the pigment layer can be obtained intuitively using the surface scanning technology of the X-ray fluorescence spectrum,which can provide reliable scientific support and useful reference for the protection and restoration of the terracotta warriors.