电动汽车复合制动控制研究现状综述

Review of Electro-mechanical Composite Braking Control for Electric Vehicles

电动汽车复合制动由电机再生制动与机械摩擦制动两部分构成,其控制性能直接影响车辆的能量利用效率、制动安全性以及舒适性。围绕静态制动转矩分配控制、动态复合制动协调控制、制动换挡控制、智能辅助驾驶中的复合制动控制4个方面的研究现状与关键技术展开综述,并对复合制动控制未来研究方向进行了展望。对文献的梳理分析表明:制动转矩分配决定着复合制动系统能量回收能力与车辆制动稳定性,基于规则的分配策略面对复杂多变工况自适应性欠佳,而基于优化的分配策略各方面性能表现良好,但需要兼顾控制实时性与优化效果;利用电机响应迅速与控制精确的优势完成复合制动协调控制,能够提升制动模式切换过渡工况与紧急制动工况的控制性能,改善驾驶舒适性;制动过程中实施合理换挡可以进一步提升能量回收效率,同时通过补偿控制解决换挡过程中动力中断和转矩冲击等问题,保证换挡平顺性;随着电动汽车智能化和网联化发展,复合制动控制与驾驶人辅助系统相结合有助于在保证系统功能的同时实现能量回收效益最大化。

The electro-mechanical composite braking system of electric vehicles is composed of motor regenerative braking and mechanical friction braking. The control performance of the system directly affects the energy utilization efficiency, braking safety, and comfort. The braking torque distribution control, dynamic coordinated control, braking shift control, and composite braking control in intelligent driving assistance were summarized. Moreover, the future development direction of this field was proposed. This literature review indicates that the braking torque distribution plays a crucial role in determining the energy recovery ability of a composite braking system and the braking stability of a vehicle. The rule-based strategy has poor adaptability to complex driving conditions;although the optimization-based strategy performs well in various aspects of performance, it needs to consider the effects of real-time control and optimization. Using the advantages of the motor’s rapid response and precise control to achieve the coordinated control of composite braking system can enhance the control performance of braking mode transition condition and emergency braking condition;this would improve the driving comfort. During the braking process, the reasonable shift operation can further improve the efficiency of energy recovery. At the same time, the problems of power interruption and torque impact in the course of gear shift are solved by compensation control to ensure a satisfactory shift quality. With the intelligent and networked development of electric vehicles, the combination of composite braking control and driver assistance system helps to ensure a superior system functioning and maximize the effect of energy recovery.