牛粪秸秆堆肥替代20%全量化肥对麦玉轮作系统耕层土壤全量养分的影响

Effects of Cattle Manure and Wheat Straw Compost instead of 20% Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Total Nutrients in Plough Layer during Wheat-Corn Rotation System

连续2 a(2018—2019、2019—2020)以单施化肥(CK-F)为对照,研究牛粪秸秆堆肥6 000(M1-20%F)、9 000(M2-20%F)kg/hm^(2)施用量下,小麦、玉米两季替代20%全量化肥对土壤全量养分的影响。结果表明,小麦-玉米轮作第1年,M1-20%F、M2-20%F处理小麦分别增产0.52%、13.90%,玉米分别增产17.65%、50.28%。轮作第2年,替代处理小麦产量略有下降;M1-20%F处理玉米产量略有下降,M2-20%F处理玉米增产8.21%。替代处理耕层土壤全氮、全磷含量均高于对照,其中M2-20%F处理在玉米成熟期增加趋势明显;土壤全钾含量有增加趋势;土壤有机质含量在玉米季成熟期总体上增加,在小麦第1季成熟期增加,第2季成熟期略有下降。与各处理当季播种时耕层养分含量相比,所有处理耕层土壤全氮含量小麦第1季成熟期均减少,第2季均增加;M1-20%F处理玉米季全氮含量减少,M2-20%F处理增加。耕层土壤全磷、全钾、有机质含量小麦第1季成熟期增加,第2季减少;玉米第2季成熟期土壤养分含量均增加。轮作第1年,与各处理对应轮作系统内小麦季播种期耕层养分含量比,土壤全氮含量均减少且替代处理减少量低于对照,CK-F(0.321 t/hm^(2))>M1-20%F(0.096 t/hm^(2))>M2-20%F(0.058 t/hm^(2));第2年均增加。全磷含量在第1年均增加,第2年,CK-F、M2-20%F分别增加0.450、0.499 t/hm^(2),M1-20%F处理则减少0.079 t/hm^(2)。全钾和有机质含量均增加,CK-F、M1-20%F、M2-20%F处理2 a累计分别增加30.292、31.392、31.605 t/hm^(2)和16.145、25.983、21.371 t/hm^(2),替代处理累计增加量均高于对照。综上,在小麦-玉米轮作区,小麦、玉米两季实行有机肥替代20%全量化肥可以满足作物的养分需求,实现稳产。

The effects of compost consisting of cattle manure and wheat straw,which was applied at 6 000(M1-20%F)and 9 000(M2-20%F)kg/ha,respectively instead of 20% chemical fertilizer in wheat and corn growing seasons on soil total nutrients concentration during two continuous years(2018—2019 was the first year and 2019—2020 was the second year)were studied. Single applying chemical fertilizer treatment was used as CK-F. The results showed that both M1-20%F and M2-20%F treatments could increase wheat(by 0. 52% and 13. 90%,respectively)and corn(by 17. 65% and 50. 28%,respectively)grain yields in the first wheat-corn rotation(WCR)year. However,wheat grain yield in the treatments of compost instead was reduced in the second WCR year,and maize grain yield in M1-20%F treatment was slightly reduced,but in M2-20%F treatment increased by 8. 21%. Compared with CK-F treatment,soil total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)contents in compost instead treatments were increased,and significantly increased under M2-20%F treatment at corn maturing stage. Soil total potassium(TK)content in compost instead treatments had increasing trends. Soil organic matter(SOM)content increased generally at corn maturing stage,while it increased at the first wheat maturing stage and decreased slightly at the second wheat maturing stage,respectively. Compared with total soil nutrients content of the treatment itself in plough layer at the local planting season,TN content was reduced at the first and increased at the second wheat maturing stage,respectively;while the TN content in M1-20%F treatment was reduced and in M2-20%F treatment was increased at the corn maturing stage,respectively. Moreover,TP,TK,and SOM contents were increased at the first wheat maturing stage and decreased at the second wheat maturing stage,respectively. The concentration of soil nutrients at the second corn maturing stage was increased. Compared with total soil nutrients content of the treatment itself at the wheat planting stage,the total nitrogen content of each treatment was reduced at the first WCR year,and the reduction content in instead treatments was lower than that in CK-F treatment,with the order of CK-F(0. 321 t/ha)>M1-20%F(0. 096 t/ha)>M2-20%F(0. 058 t/ha). However,the total nitrogen content of each treatment was increased at the second WCR year. TP content of each treatment was increased at the first rotation year;TP contents of CK-F and M2-20%F treatments at the second rotation year were increased by 0. 450and 0. 499 t/ha,respectively,while that of M1-20%F treatment was reduced by 0. 079 t/ha. TK and SOM contents of each treatment were all increased. The TK contents for two years of CK-F,M1-20%F,and M2-20%F treatments were increased by 30. 292,31. 392,31. 605 t/ha,respectively,the SOM contents were increased by 16. 145,25. 983,21. 371 t/ha respectively,and the total increase rates content of compost instead treatments were all higher than that of CK. In conclusion,compost of cattle manure and wheat straw instead of 20% chemical fertilizer could supply rational nutrients and obtain reasonable grain yields in wheat-corn rotation area.