论中国儒家文化中的耻感伦理及其现代性转化

On Shame Ethics in Chinese Confucian Culture and Its Transformation to Modernity

耻感伦理是集体主义特质之儒家文化的基础元素。它在客观意志之法的伦理性层面表现为未能遵从礼仪规范,实现“特殊自我”向“普遍自我”的跨越,进而为共同体所唾弃的道义惩罚;在主观意志之法的道德性层面表现为“实然自我”与“应然自我”的落差,所产生的否定性道德情感,是“成人”的底线伦理与“至善”的德性伦理的内在统一。耻感伦理在乡村熟人社会的交往格局之中、士大夫—士绅阶层的道德范导之下“、做人”与“脸面”的现实运行之间,规范着传统的乡村共同体。这种前现代的伦理传统只有在伦理根基、伦理结构、伦理精神三个层面实现现代性转化,才能真正融入社会主义荣辱观,从而为中国社会之现代伦理构建提供有效的传统文化资源。

Shame ethics is the basic element of Confucian culture with the characteristics of collectivism.On the ethical level of the law of objective will,shame ethics manifests itself as failing to comply with the etiquette norms,realizing the leap from the“special self”to the“universal self”,which then leads to the moral punishment of being rejected by the community.On the moral level of the law of subjective will,the gap between the“real self”and the“ought self”generates the negative moral emotions,which are the internal bonds between the bottom-line ethics of“adults”and the moral ethics of“extreme goodness”.Therefore,shame ethics regulates the traditional rural community in the communication pattern of the rural acquaintance society,under the moral guidance of the literati-gentry class,and between the actual operation of“practicing good social conduct”and“gaining face”.This kind of pre-modern ethical tradition can only be integrated into the socialist concept of honor and disgrace by achieving transformation to modernity at the three levels of ethical foundation,ethical structure and ethical spirit,so as to provide effective traditional cultural resources for the construction of modern ethics in Chinese society.