自然主义、构成主义先验论与科学实践——兼论当代科学哲学先验论进路的发展与超越

Naturalism,Constitutive Transcendentalism and Scientific Practice:A Concurrent Discussion Concerning the Development of the Contemporary Philosophy of Science

历史主义在科学哲学中占有非常重要的位置,它直接影响库恩之后整个科学哲学的发展方向与演变问题。在新编史学的历史主义背景下,自然主义逐渐成为当代科学哲学的主流研究范式,随之相对主义也构成科学合理性辩护的焦点难题,但从科学哲学的内在演进理路来看,自然主义范式却并非唯一选择,与之相对的先验论传统仍构成科学哲学发展的另一条可能的暗线。这一先验论进路主要体现为后期库恩—弗里德曼基于编史学的新康德主义先验论对自然主义的批判,但这一强调功能性与构成性的新先验论尚需通过对科学实践的阐释来补充其背后理论哲学的局限性,并以实践的科学实在论作为融合历史主义的基础。

Historicism occupies an important locus in the philosophy of science,and it has a direct influence on the development direction and evolution of the philosophy of science post-Thomas Kuhn.Under the background of historicism in new historiography,naturalism becomes the mainstream research paradigm in the contemporary philosophy of science,and thereby relativism becomes a focused puzzle in the debate concerning scientific legitimacy.However,from the perspective of internal evolution of the philosophy of science,the paradigm of naturalism is not its only alternative,while the transcendentalist tradition is also another possible hidden line in the development of the philosophy of science.Such evolution of transcendentalism was mainly exhibited in Kuhn and Friedman’s criticism on naturalism based on their later works concerning Kantian transcendentalism in new historiography.Nevertheless,this new transcendentalism,emphasizing constitutive functionality,needs to overcome its limits behind theoretical philosophy by interpreting scientific practices,and it also should take scientific philosophical realism in practices as the basis to integrate historicism.