中国农村家庭食物浪费的特点、环境影响与对策

The characteristics,environmental impacts,and countermeasures of rural household food waste in China

减少食物浪费是保障国家粮食安全和推动环境保护的重要举措,而准确评估食物浪费水平,分析其特点是政府制定减少食物浪费相关措施的前提条件。本文基于中国28个省(区、市)1479户农村家庭调查,评估中国农村家庭食物浪费水平,从总体情况和区域差异两方面分析中国农村家庭食物浪费的特点,探讨食物浪费对资源环境的影响。结果表明,中国农村家庭食物浪费比例为2.70%,且呈现从早到晚逐渐增加的趋势。在各食物类别中,主食浪费相对较多,肉类浪费相对较少,其中面制品浪费比例为2.54%,米制品为3.60%,猪肉为1.47%,牛羊肉仅为0.75%。各地区农村家庭食物浪费存在显著差异,东南沿海地区浪费相对严重,浪费比例为3.21%。并且地理环境和饮食习惯对农村家庭食物浪费的影响有明显地区差异,如北部地区的面制品、南部地区的米制品和水产品的浪费均相对较高。农村家庭食物浪费对资源环境的影响明显,每年因农村家庭食物浪费造成的浪费总量和现金损失分为312.36万t和180.41亿元,产生碳足迹和水足迹分别为975.17万t CO_(2)和61.08亿m^(3)水资源。因此,本文提出加强节约减损宣传、改善储藏条件、倡导健康饮食文化和建立完善的餐厨垃圾处理系统等政策建议。

Reducing food waste is important to ensure national grain security and to promote environmental protection.Accurately assessing food waste levels and analyzing food waste characteristics are prerequisites for the government to formulate food waste reduction-related measures.Based on a survey data of 1479 rural households in 28 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)in China,this paper assesses the level of food waste in China’s rural households,analyzes the characteristics of food waste in terms of the general situation and regional differences,and evaluates the impacts of food waste on resources and environment.Results show that the proportion of food waste in China’s rural households is 2.70%and shows a trend of gradual increase from morning to night.Among the food categories,staple food is wasted relatively more and meat is wasted relatively less.Each household wastes 2.54 percent of flour products,3.60 percent of rice products,1.47 percent of pork,and only 0.75 percent of beef and lamb.There are significant differences in food waste in rural households by region.Food waste in the southeast coastal area is relatively serious with a waste ratio of 3.21%.Geographic environment and eating habits have significant regional differences in rural household food waste with high waste of flour products in the north and high waste of rice and fishery products in the south.The study also shows that rural food waste greatly influences resources and the environment.The total waste and cash loss due to rural household food waste are 3.12 million tons and 18.04 billion yuan per year,respectively,generating 9.75 million tons of carbon dioxide and 6.11 billion cubic meters of water resources.Therefore,this paper suggests that the government should strengthen the awareness of food saving,improve storage conditions,promote healthy eating culture,and establish a comprehensive kitchen waste disposal system.