1900—2020年全球融雪洪水灾害及其影响

Global snowmelt flood disasters and their impact from 1900 to 2020

气候变暖背景下,融雪洪水灾害发生的时间、频率和强度及其影响发生了明显变化。借助网络爬虫等工具,基于自然灾害数据库、文献资料、书籍、政府机构网站、新闻媒体等多数据源,收集了升温融雪型洪水和雨雪混合型洪水的相关信息,建立了针对不同数据甄别融雪洪水事件及其灾害影响的标准,对融雪洪水事件及灾害进行筛选、整理、融合、集成,构建了针对性强、信息较为可靠的包含579条数据的全球融雪洪水灾害数据集,初步分析了1900—2020年全球融雪洪水灾害的时空分布特征,结果表明:融雪洪水主要分布在30°~60°N之间,50°N以南雨雪混合型洪水较多,50°N以北升温融雪型洪水较多;春季为融雪洪水灾害高发期,冬季次之,夏季第三,秋季最少;春季、秋季和冬季的融雪洪水主要分布于40°~50°N,夏季的融雪洪水主要分布于30°~40°N。相对于升温融雪型洪水,雨雪混合型洪水的频次高、破坏力更强,且随气候变暖发生频率增加;研究结果可为全球融雪洪水灾害的风险防御和损失评估提供科学依据。

Under the background of climate warming, the occurrence time, frequency, intensity, and impact of snowmelt flood disasters have changed significantly. Thus, establishing a global snowmelt flood disaster database is particularly important for disaster risk management. With the help of a web crawler, and based on multiple data sources such as natural disaster databases, documents, books, government agency websites, and news media, this study collected relevant information of snowmelt floods and mixed floods and established standards for identifying snowmelt flood events and their disaster impacts based on data from the different sources. Following the screening, sorting, fusion, and integration of snowmelt flood events, a global snowmelt flood disaster dataset containing 579 pieces of data with strong pertinence and reliability was constructed. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of global snowmelt flood disasters from 1900 to 2020 were preliminarily analyzed. The results showed that the snowmelt floods were mainly distributed between 30° N and 60° N, with more mixed floods south of 50° N and more snowmelt floods north of 50° N. Spring was the period of highest incidence of snowmelt flood disasters, followed by winter, summer, and autumn, respectively. The snowmelt floods that occurred in spring, autumn, and winter were mainly at 40°~50° N, and the snowmelt floods that occurred in summer were mainly at 30°~40° N. Compared with the snowmelt floods, the mixed floods were more frequent and more destructive, and their frequency increased with climate warming. The results provide a scientific basis for risk prevention and loss assessment of global snowmelt flood disasters.