美国国家公园分区制度演变及启示

The Evolution of U.S. National Park Zoning System and its Enlightenment

美国国家公园的分区制度在百余年发展过程中不断演变,厘清其政策、分区制度的发展脉络,有助于理解国家公园制度的潜在发展路径。该文查阅了美国国家公园管理局成立以来的主要政策文件,梳理美国国家公园不同时期分区制度的内容及特点,挖掘其演变的历史背景与指导思想,总结出美国国家公园分区制度的历史分期及特点。本研究认为,美国国家公园分区制度的演变可分为四个阶段:无成熟分区制度阶段(1916年—1966年)、土地分类分区阶段(1967年—1977年)、管理分区阶段(1978年—2000年)、灵活设置阶段(2001年至今)。

During more than a hundred years of development, the zoning system of U. S. national park have been evolving continuously. Clarifying the development context of the policies and zoning system is helpful for understanding the potential development path of the national park system. In this study we consulted the main policy documents of the U. S. National Park Service since its establishment, then we sorted out the contents and characteristics of the zoning systems of the U. S. national park in different periods, we also excavated the historical background and guiding ideology behind the evolution, and further proposed the historical stages and characteristics of the zoning system of the U. S. national park. We believe that the evolution of the zoning system of the U. S. national park is consisted of four stages: No mature zoning system stage(1916-1966);Land classification zoning stage(1967-1977);Management zoning stage(1978-2000);Flexible setting stage(since 2001).