重庆市乡村生态系统健康时空格局演化及规划调控研究

Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Rural Ecosystem Health in Chongqing, China and Associated Planning Regulation

乡村生态系统健康是衡量乡村各组成要素及系统受损程度或稳定状态的有效度量指标,体现了以“人”为核心和以“资源、环境、经济和社会”为基础的乡村各系统间相互影响与作用的互动制衡关系,是乡村可持续发展的基本保障。当前区域生态系统健康评价多侧重于生态系统的自然状态或外部干扰的单一测量,缺乏对社会-经济复合维度的人类生态学关注。本研究从社会-经济-自然复合生态系统角度构建了整合生态完整性的乡村生态系统健康评价框架,并结合可持续发展SDGs17目标提出一套接轨国际的乡村生态系统健康评价指标,以重庆市为例,定量揭示重庆市36区县2000—2018年时空分异特征。结果表明:(1)重庆市乡村生态系统健康在2000—2018年呈现“先平缓波动增长,后快速上升”的两阶段时序演化特征,综合水平维持在0.275~0.874。乡村社会子系统和乡村资源子系统对综合水平贡献率最大,分别为30.51%和27.36%;(2)2018年重庆市36区县乡村生态系统健康总体呈现“一核两翼”的空间分异特征,由渝东北、渝西片区向主城片区、渝东南片区逐渐增强;(3)根据主导要素法将重庆市乡村生态系统健康空间类型划分为疾病、不健康、亚健康和健康四大类九中类,并按照“分级分类-重点分析-因地制宜-短板补齐”原则针对渝东北、渝东南、渝西和主城区制定了差异化规划调控建议。本研究丰富了区域生态系统健康评价知识体系,也为重庆及其他类似地区乡村可持续发展和生态环境保护提供了参考。

Rural ecosystem health(REH) serves as a system of quality metrics to be used to assess the damage degree or stability state of a rural ecosystem as well as its components. REH are usually specialized by the subject area, in which the interactive checks and mutual balances of each ecosystem component, related to the close connections between resources, environment, economy, society, and people, govern a sustainable development of a rural community. On a regional scale, past ecosystem health assessments were performed mainly on a single ecosystem indicator in a natural state or under external disturbances, but did not involve in human ecology from economic-social composite dimension. In this study, an improved rural ecosystem health assessment framework was constructed by inclusion of ecological integration in all aspects of social, economy, nature. It introduced a system of quality metrics of REH in terms of international standards SDGs17 to quantitatively assess spatio-temporal heterogeneity of 36 districts and counties of Chongqing, China from 2000 to 2018. The results show that:(1) The rural ecosystem health of Chongqing showed a two-stage sequential evolution of “slowly grew at first, then rapidly rose”, and varied between 0.275 and 0.874 from 2000 to 2018. Among them, the rural social subsystem(30.51%) and the rural resource subsystem(27.36%) contributed the most to the comprehensive level.(2) In 2018, the rural ecosystem health of 36 districts and counties of Chongqing generally presented a spatial heterogeneity of “one core and two wings”, which gradually strengthened from northeastern and western Chongqing to metropolitan areas and southeastern Chongqing.(3) The spatial types of rural ecosystem health of Chongqing were divided into four levels and nine sub-levels categories including disease, unhealthy, sub-healthy and healthy according to the dominant factor method, and different planning and regulation proposals were then formulated for northeastern Chongqing, southeastern Chongqing, western Chongqing, and metropolitan areas on principle of making classification and grading, conducting key analysis, selecting adapting measures for the local conditions, and making up for shortcomings. The results provide a meaningful reference for sustainable development of rural areas in Chongqing and other similar cities, and can be applied to eco-environmental protection and restoration.