大豆玉米带状复合种植全程机械化关键技术与装备

Key techniques and equipments of the whole-process mechanization for soybean and corn strip compound planting system

针对现阶段我国大豆、玉米进口逐年增加,粮食安全有较大隐患的问题,我国启动大豆和油料产能提升工程,大力推广大豆玉米带状复合种植技术。大豆玉米带状复合种植农艺以“选配良种、扩间增光、缩株保密”为核心,以“减量一体化施肥、化控抗倒、绿色防控”配套,对农业机械提出提升通过性能、提高作业效率的总体要求,在播种方面发展小株距精密播种技术、大豆玉米播种分控技术、玉米大排量施肥技术、秸秆防堵技术、均匀接行技术;在田间管理方面发展双喷雾系统分带定向施药技术、自适应喷杆调节技术、植保机轮距调节技术、防飘移喷雾技术;在收获方面发展密植玉米低损摘穗技术、玉米低损低破碎脱粒技术、大豆低损割台技术、大豆低破碎柔性脱粒技术、大豆高效清选技术、大豆低破碎籽粒输送技术、大豆机收质量在线检测技术。现阶段需优化大豆玉米带状复合种植全程机械化装备,进一步结合大豆玉米带状复合种植的农艺特点与作业机具特性,加强理论研究,促进农机农艺进一步融合,加强创新机具研发,提高机具对种植模式的适应性。

At the present stage,the import of soybean and corn is increasing year by year,and food security has a big hidden trouble.China started the soybean and oil production capacity improvement project,and vigorously promoted the soybean and corn strip compound planting technology.The agronomy of soybean and corn strip compound planting is based on the core of“selecting and matching varieties,expanding and increasing light,shrinking plant strain and retaining density”and the supporting of“reducing integrated fertilization,chemical control and lodging resistance,green prevention and control”.The overall requirements for improving the performance and operational efficiency of agricultural machinery are put forward.In terms of sowing,high-speed precision sowing technology,soybean and corn separate control technology,large-displacement fertilization technology,straw anti-blocking technology and cohesive line uniformity technology were developed.In terms of the field management,the double spray technology,spray rod adaptive leveling technology,plant protection wheel spacing adjustable technology,anti-floating nozzle technology were developed.In terms of harvesting,the development of corn low-loss picking mechanism,corn low-loss and low-break grain harvesting technology,soybean low-loss cutting table technology,soybean low-break flexible threshing technology,soybean efficient cleaning technology,soybean low-loss grain transportation technology,soybean online quality detection technology were also developed.At present,it is necessary to optimize the mechanization equipment in the whole process of soybean and corn strip compound planting,further combine the agronomic characteristics of soybean and corn strip compound planting and the characteristics of operating machinery and tools,strengthen the theoretical research,promote the further integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy,strengthen the research and development of innovative machinery and tools,and improve the adaptability of the machine to the planting mode.