将他人理解为他人:丸山真男与竹内好观点对话及当代阐释

Understanding Others as Others:A Reading of the Political Thought of Maruyama Masao and Takeuchi Yoshimi,or Advocating the“Gentle Subject”

本文试图通过将战后日本著名知识分子丸山真男的观点与日本另一位杰出战后知识分子竹内好的观点进行对话,来寻求对丸山真男进行当代解读的可能性。在亲历了第二次世界大战期间的种种非理性之后,丸山开始明确思考战后局势下政治的本质。以他在1961年的文章《当代世界的政治与人》一文中所倡导的“将他人理解为他人”为例,他的关注点向来和自我与他人、“内部”与“外部”世界之间的联系有关。然而在面对同样的问题时,竹内好却提出了相反的观点。丸山是面向他人的,而竹内则着眼于自我的内在本质。笔者以丸山的理念为出发点,同时指出竹内认为自我是开放的或毫无防御的观点对于实现“将他人理解为他人”这一目标而言至关重要。通过讨论这两位知识分子的观点,本文提出了基于“温和主体”的政治理念,并与丸山的“强权主体”概念形成对比。笔者认为,考察“温和主体”是充分发掘丸山思想潜力的必要过程。

This paper attempts a contemporary reading of Maruyama Masao,a prominent intellectual of postwar Japan,by bringing his arguments into dialogue with those of Takeuchi Yoshimi,another outstanding Japanese postwar intellectual.After experiencing many kinds of irrationality during World War II,Maruyama started to think explicitly about the nature of politics in the postwar situation.As he advocated for“understanding others as others”in his 1961 essay“Politics and Man in the Contemporary World,”his concern was related to the question of the relationship between the self and others,or between the“inside”and the“outside”world.However,when faced with the same issue,Takeuchi Yoshimi proposed the opposite.While Maruyama was oriented toward others,Takeuchi looked at the inner nature of the self.For my argument,I would like to use Maruyama’s notion as a starting point and at the same time suggest that Takeuchi’s view of the self as something open or defenseless is significant in making“understanding others as others”possible.By engaging the arguments of these two intellectuals,I propose the idea of politics based on the“gentle subject,”contrasting with Maruyama’s notion of the“powerful subject.”My conclusion is that considering the“gentle subject”is a necessary process in expanding Maruyama’s thought to its full potential.