南诏“点苍山会盟”仪式新考

New Research on Dian Cangshan Meeting in Nanzhao Kingdom

南诏六世王异牟寻曾与剑南西川节度使崔佐时会盟于点苍山下,并请天、地、水三官及五岳四渎众神为证,立誓归唐,会盟仪式及所请之“天、地、水”三官遂被引为道教在南诏传播之证据。然而,详考史籍,会盟仪式或非早期五斗米道之“三官手书”,而是采用了南诏早期国教——巫教仪式,所请天、地、水三官亦非道教所奉之三官大帝,而是南诏乌蛮原始信仰之神灵。为说明此问题,亦重新论述了《南诏德化碑》中的“开三教”问题,认为南诏时期的“三教”并非儒、释、道,而是巫、释、儒。

Yi Mouxun,the sixth king of Nanzhao Empire,historically met Cui Zuoshi,governor of Jiannan and Xichuan,at the foot of Dian Cangshan,summoning the Three Lords of Heaven,Earth and Water along with numerous deities of mountains and rivers to testify Nanzhao’s submission to Tang’s central government.The meeting ceremony and the summoning of the Three Lords of Heaven,Earth and Water were hence taken as the evidence of Taoism spread in Nanzhao territory.However,historic records show that the ceremony might not have applied the"Three Officer Calligraphy"in early Taoist rituals,but the traditional rites of the early state religion of Nanzhao-Shamanism.And the deities in might not necessarily are the so-called Taoist Three Lords of Heaven,Earth and Water,but the ethnic deities widely believed by Nanzhao’s popular religions.To clarify the mystery,the paper reassesses the three teachings or religions mentioned in Nanzhao Dehuabei,proving the three teachings to be Shamanism,Buddhism and Confucianism,instead of traditional Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism.