陆游与唐琬婚姻考--兼论宋代婚姻制度与习俗的若干特点

Textual Research on Lu You and Tang Wan's Marriage:Also on Marriage System and Some Features of Conventions in the Song Dynasty

陆游和第一任妻子唐琬系中表婚,但陆母唐氏与儿媳唐琬并非直系的亲姑侄。中表婚是宋时社会流行的缔结婚姻的方式。绍兴十四年,20岁的陆游与唐琬一起,元夕节在临安一起赏灯;秋季菊花盛开时,夫妇二人共做菊枕。概言之,成婚于当年的陆游与唐琬,感情甚笃。绍兴十四、十五两年陆游未参加科考,成为陆母不喜儿媳的重要原因。但陆家出儿媳的合法理由,是唐琬不能生育。男女社会地位差别明显的宋代,男子出妻不少时候是从家族角度考虑,在此情况下妇女极为被动。唐琬再嫁的赵宋士字辈宗子,此前当有过婚姻,并留有若干名子女。带着“世情薄,人情恶”的幽怨,唐琬过早地香消玉殒。与陆游的长寿相比,唐琬的境遇令人唏嘘。生活空间局限于家庭的妇女,不幸婚姻对其的影响,远大于有仕途的男子。

Lu You and his first wife Tang Wan’s marriage is cousin marriage although the aunt-nephew family circle relation between Lu You’s mother and Tang Wan was not immediate. In the 14th year of Shaoxing period of the Song Dynasty(AD 1144), Lu You and Tang Wan enjoyed the lanterns on Lantern Festival at Lin’an. The newly married couple made chrysanthermum pillow together in that autumn. All revealed that they love each other deeply. Lu You’s absence from imperial examination in the 14th and 15th year of Shaoxing period, which irritated Lu’s mother, was actual reason for their divorce. But the legal grounds for divorce was sterile. The social gulf between men and women in the Song Dynasty deprived women’s rights while men concerned much more family benefits in marriage. Tang Wan’s second husband was born in royal family, who had several children in his previous marriage. Tang Wan’s early death, in contrast with Lu You’s longevity, deserves a sigh of sadness. The influence of unhappy marriage to women in a limited living space was greater than to men with official career.