主客关系视角下英、汉、阿小句谓体特征对比研究

A contrastive study of the Predicator in the English,Chinese and Arabic clause from the perspective of subject-object relationship

主体和客体是一对基本的哲学范畴,本文将这对概念运用于语言学分析,指出语言活动中存在编码主体与客体、解码主体与客体、小句语码主体与客体等三对主客体,这些主客体之间存在一定的互动关系。基于此,本文对英语、汉语、阿拉伯语小句的谓体进行句法和语义层面的对比,分析三者呈现的主客关系——英语大致呈主客分离的状态,汉语主客融合明显,阿拉伯语主客分离程度强于英语。这与英、汉、阿三大民族的哲学基本思维方式耦合。

Subject and object are a pair of important philosophical categories. This article applies this pair of concepts to linguistic analysis to differentiate the concepts of coding subject and object,decoding subject and object,and subject and object in the syntactic structure of the clause. In situational contexts,language activities are carried out in the encoding,decoding and transmitting of information,involving the encoding subject and object and the decoding subject and object,where the relationship between subject and object is reflected in the interaction between the speaker and addressee;in the language system,the relationship between subject and object is reflected in encoded content,involving the subject and object in the syntactic structure of the clause and the demarcation point between subject and object. On this basis,a contrastive study of the syntactic realizations and semantic functions of the Predicator in the English,Chinese and Arabic clause is carried out,the aim of which is to reveal the subject-object relationship implicated by the Predicator in the three languages. The results show that the syntactic realizations and semantic functions of the Predicator in the English,Chinese and Arabic clause are featured with different degrees of separation or integration between subject and object. English is featured with the separation between subject and object,Chinese with the integration of subject and object,and Arabic with a higher degree of the separation between subject and object than English. Such subject-object relationships in the three languages are coupled with the basic philosophical thinking modes of the three nationalities. Generally speaking,the English people favors the Western‘Subject-Object Dichotomy’,the Chinese people the‘Unity of Man and Nature’,and the Arab people a stricter‘Subject-Object Dichotomy’due to the religious ontology of Islam.