我国伴生放射性矿辐射环境监管的思考

Consideration on radiation environmental supervision of associated radioactive mines

我国的伴生放射性矿分布广泛,行业众多且工艺技术复杂,与公众关系密切,对辐射环境的影响大,是核与辐射安全监管的相对薄弱环节。《中华人民共和国放射性污染防治法》《国务院关于核安全与放射性污染防治“十三五”规划及2025年远景目标的批复》(国函[2017]29号)等法规对伴生放射性矿的辐射环境监管有原则的要求,但在实施过程中仍然有一些具体的问题需要面对,如伴生放射性矿的定义、伴生放射性矿开发利用的范畴等。在辐射环境监管领域有流出物及辐射环境监测的规范等问题需要解决,尤其是对于伴生放射性固体废物的处理与处置,是目前制约伴生放射性矿开发利用可持续发展的关键问题,建立系统的监管制度需要在实践中予以探索和研究。本文针对于伴生放射性矿的范畴以及辐射环境监管中遇到的一些问题,根据科学的管理方法,结合伴生放射性矿监管的实践,提出完善辐射环境监管制度的建议。

Associated radioactive mines are widely distributed in China,with many industries,complex processes and technologies,close relationship with the public,and great impact on the radiation environment.They are relatively weak links in nuclear and radiation safety supervision.In the process of implementing the upper level document,some specific problems have to be faced,such as the definition of associated radioactive ore,the scope of associated radioactive ore development and utilization,etc.In the field of radiation environment supervision,there are issues such as effluent and radiation environment monitoring specifications that need to be solved.In particular,the treatment and disposal of associated radioactive solid waste is the key problem that currently restricts the sustainable development of associated radioactive ore development and utilization.The second national census of pollution sources reported the cumulative storage of associated radioactive solid waste in the country,and the radiation environment supervision situation is grim.In the scope of associated radioactive mines and some problems encountered in the supervision of radiation environment,this study aims to formulate a reasonable and feasible supervision system for associated radioactive mines,standardize supervision and management activities,and ensure the safety of the radiation environment according to scientific management methods,combined with the practice of supervision of associated radioactive mines.Suggestions on the definition of the scope and development and utilization of associated radioactive mines and the management of the inventory are put forward for solving the radiation environment supervision system with consideration on the storage period of associated radioactive solid waste,the management of nearby centralized disposal and disposal facilities.As the radiation environmental supervision of associated radioactive mines is still a relatively weak area in nuclear and radiation safety supervision system in China,radiation environmental impact assessment and environmental radiation self-monitoring need to be strengthened.