陆表海页岩沉积微相类型及微相分布模式——以川南地区五峰组—龙马溪组为例

Microfacies types and distribution of epicontinental shale:A case study of the Wufeng–Longmaxi shale in southern Sichuan Basin,China

针对黑色页岩纹层和层理难识别、粒度难测定、生物遗迹不发育等难题,以川南地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组为例,综合大薄片全尺度成像、氩离子抛光片场发射扫描电镜分析和干酪根镜检等分析,揭示陆表海浑水沉积页岩的微相类型、特征及主要微相的沉积模式。结果表明:(1)陆表海浑水环境发育三角洲相、潮坪相和陆棚相,其中,三角洲前缘的水下分流河道和分流间湾微相,潮间坪的钙质坪和黏土坪微相,浅水陆棚亚相的钙质陆棚和黏土质陆棚微相,深水陆棚亚相的深水斜坡、深水平原和深水洼地微相,重力流沉积亚相的漫溢沉积微相均发育黑色页岩;(2)由近源端向盆地方向,页岩中粉砂纹层减少、泥纹层增加,颗粒粒度由以粗粉砂为主转变为以细粒泥为主,硅质含量由20%左右增加至大于55%,钙质和黏土矿物含量由大于40%降至10%左右,有机质类型由Ⅱ2型转变为Ⅱ1型和Ⅰ型;(3)物源和古地形控制页岩沉积微相类型与分布,物源供给充分区发育水下分流河道、分流间湾、黏土坪、黏土质陆棚、漫溢沉积等微相页岩,物源供给不足区发育钙质坪和钙质陆棚微相页岩,3级地形坡折将深水陆棚亚相页岩沉积区细分为深水斜坡、深水平原和深水洼地3种微相类型;(4)陆表海不同沉积微相页岩的形成与相对活跃的构造背景、温暖潮湿的古气候及快速上升的海平面密切相关,相对活跃的构造背景造成陆源碎屑供给增加,从而形成浑水细粒沉积,温暖潮湿的古气候有利于有机质的富集,快速上升的海平面有利于黑色页岩大面积分布。

For black shales, laminae and bedding are hard to identify, grain size is difficult to measure, and trace fossils do not exist.Taking the Ordovician Wufeng – Silurian Longmaxi shale in southern Sichuan Basin, China, as an example, the types, characteristics and models of microfacies in epicontinental shale are analyzed by means of full-scale observation of large thin sections, argon-ion polishing field emission-scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), and kerogen microscopy. The epicontinental sea develops delta, tidal flat and shelf facies, with black shale found in microfacies such as the underwater distributary channel and interdistributary bay under delta front facies, the calcareous and clayey flats under intertidal flat facies, the calcareous and clayey shelfs under shallow shelf facies, the deep slope, deep plain and deep depression under deep shelf facies, and the overflow under gravity flow facies. Basinward, silty lamina decreases and clayey lamina increases, the grain size changes from coarse silt to fine mud, the silica content increases from about 20% to above 55%, the carbonate and clay minerals content decreases from above 40% to around 10%, and the kerogen type changes from type Ⅱ2to type Ⅱ1and type Ⅰ. Provenance and topography dominate the types and distribution of shale microfacies. The underwater distributary channel, interdistributary bay, clayey flat, clayey shelf, and overflow microfacies are developed in areas with sufficient sediment supply. The calcareous flat and calcareous shelf are developed in areas with insufficient sediment supply. The deep shelf shale area is divided into deep slope, deep plain, and deep depression microfacies as a result of three breaks. The formation of epicontinental shale with different microfacies is closely related to the tectonic setting, paleoclimate, and sea level rise. The relatively active tectonic setting increases the supply of terrigenous clasts, forming muddy water fine-grained sediment. The warm and humid paleoclimate is conducive to the enrichment of organic matter. The rapid sea level rise is helpful to the widespread black shale.