温压耦合作用下四川盆地深层龙马溪组页岩孔渗和岩石力学特征

Porosity,permeability and rock mechanics of Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling in the Sichuan Basin,SW China

为了研究温压耦合变化对深层页岩孔隙度、渗透率和岩石力学特征的影响,选择四川盆地威荣和永川地区下志留统龙马溪组深层页岩岩心样品,设计开展温压条件的上限为120℃、70 MPa的孔渗实验和三轴压缩岩石力学—声波一体化实验。研究结果表明:(1)微观上的孔渗变化与宏观上的岩石变形相互约束,均呈现先快后缓的变化特征,最大温压实验条件下孔隙度降低34%~71%、渗透率降低85%~97%。随着温压的升高,深层页岩经历了以有机质孔、黏土矿物孔被压缩和微裂缝受压闭合的塑性变形和脆性矿物孔、岩石骨架颗粒本体被压缩的弹性变形;(2)与常温高围压实验对比,高温对孔渗应力敏感的影响显著。高温通过增加岩石塑性,加剧高围压对孔隙的压缩,同时引发岩石骨架颗粒间产生热应力,页岩层理易重新开启或沿层理等软弱面产生新缝,使得页岩渗透率随温度和围压升高而降低的程度减弱;(3)与常温三轴力学实验对比,深层页岩在高温高压耦合作用下,抗压强度和峰值应变量显著增加,抗压强度最高达435 MPa、峰值应变超过2%,说明高温增加了岩石塑性,不利于页岩的破裂和裂缝扩展;(4)岩相和矿物组分对深层页岩孔渗和岩石力学特征具有重要影响。不同岩性页岩发生脆性破坏的难度和充分程度不同,实际地质条件下页岩的应力应变特征是压裂方案优化调整的重要依据。

To investigate the porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling, we selected the core samples of deep shale from the Longmaxi Formation in the Weirong and Yongchuan areas of the Sichuan Basin for porosity and permeability experiments and a triaxial compression and sound wave integration experiment at the maximum temperature and pressure of 120 ℃ and 70 MPa. The results show that the microscopic porosity and permeability change and the macroscopic rock deformation are mutually constrained, both showing the trend of steep and then gentle variation. At the maximum temperature and pressure, the porosity reduces by 34%–71%, and the permeability decreases by 85%–97%. With the rising temperature and pressure, deep shale undergoes plastic deformation in which organic pores and clay mineral pores are compressed and microfractures are closed, and elastic deformation in which brittle mineral pores and rock skeleton particles are compacted. Compared with previous experiments under high confining pressure and normal temperature, the experiment under high temperature and high pressure coupling reveals the effect of high temperature on stress sensitivity of porosity and permeability. High temperature can increase the plasticity of the rock, intensify the compression of pores due to high confining pressure, and induce thermal stress between the rock skeleton particles, allowing the reopening of shale bedding or the creation of new fractures along weak planes such as bedding, which inhibits the decrease of permeability with the increase of temperature and confining pressure. Compared with the triaxial mechanical experiment at normal temperature, the triaxial compression experiment at high temperature and high pressure demonstrates that the compressive strength and peak strain of deep shale increase significantly due to the coupling of temperature and pressure. The compressive strength is up to 435MPa and the peak strain exceeds 2%, indicating that high temperature is not conducive to fracture initiation and expansion by increasing rock plasticity. Lithofacies and mineral composition have great impacts on the porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of deep shale.Shales with different lithologies are different in the difficulty and extent of brittle failure. The stress-strain characteristics of rocks under actual geological conditions are key support to the optimization of reservoir stimulation program.