页岩“刚-弹嵌合”孔隙骨架模型及超压状态孔隙度测量方法——以四川盆地南部志留系龙马溪组深层超压硅质页岩为例

“Rigid-elastic chimera” pore model and overpressure porosity measurement method for shale:A case study of the deep overpressure siliceous shale of Silurian Longmaxi Formation in southern Sichuan Basin,SW China

基于页岩孔隙特点、孔隙骨架组成并结合超压状态下孔隙、骨架应力分析,建立页岩储集层“刚-弹嵌合”孔隙骨架模型,解析弹塑性骨架超压变形引起孔隙度增大的孔隙变形机制,提出1种“动态”变形孔隙度测量方法,并对四川盆地南部(简称川南)志留系龙马溪组超压状态真实地层条件孔隙度进行测算。结果表明:(1)页岩储集层是无机岩石颗粒与有机质的混合体,构成了刚性骨架支撑的无机质孔隙和弹塑性骨架支撑的有机质孔隙“刚-弹嵌合”特殊孔隙结构,有机质孔、无机质孔混杂共生。(2)在地层超压作用下,无机质孔隙变化相对很小以至可以假设其孔隙度保持不变,而有机质孔隙由于骨架压缩可发生较大形变,导致孔隙半径增大,连通性增强,孔隙度增加。(3)通过高注入压力氦气法孔隙度测量及超高压煤油法变孔隙压力孔隙度测量相结合,建立的“动态”变形孔隙度测量方法既能测量到常压条件不连通的微孔孔隙度,又能测量到有机质骨架压缩变形导致的孔隙度增量。(4)页岩孔隙变形机制会产生地层条件孔隙度高于常压孔隙度的“反常”现象,超压页岩并非真正的“超低孔”储集层,孔隙度甚至可以大于10%。通过川南地区L210井实例测量,验证了该方法的实用性和可靠性。

Based on analysis of pore features and pore skeleton composition of shale, a “rigid elastic chimeric” pore model of shale gas reservoir was built. Pore deformation mechanisms leading to increase of shale porosity due to the pore skeleton deformation under overpressure were sorted out through analysis of stress on the shale pore and skeleton. After reviewing the difficulties and defects of existent porosity measurement methods, a dynamic deformed porosity measurement method was worked out and used to measure the porosity of overpressure Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale under real formation conditions in southern Sichuan Basin. The results show:(1) The shale reservoir is a mixture of inorganic rock particles and organic matter, which contains inorganic pores supported by rigid skeleton particles and organic pores supported by elastic-plastic particles, and thus has a special “rigid elastic chimeric” pore structure.(2)Under the action of formation overpressure, the inorganic pores have tiny changes that can be assumed that they don’t change in porosity,while the organic pores may have large deformation due to skeleton compression, leading to the increase of radius, connectivity and ultimately porosity of these pores.(3) The “dynamic” deformation porosity measurement method combining high injection pressure helium porosity measurement and kerosene porosity measurement method under ultra-high variable pressure can accurately measure porosity of unconnected micro-pores under normal pressure conditions, and also the porosity increment caused by plastic skeleton compression deformation.(4) The pore deformation mechanism of shale may result in the "abnormal" phenomenon that the shale under formation conditions has higher porosity than that under normal pressure, so the overpressure shale reservoir is not necessarily “ultra-low in porosity”,and can have porosity over 10%. Application of this method in Well L210 in southern Sichuan has confirmed its practicality and reliability.