从联邦研发资金投入看美国政府科技布局

Analysis of U.S.Government’s Science and Technology Layout Based on Federal Funds for Research and Development

政府研发资金作为重要的科技投入资源之一,其分配和流向能够较好地反映政府科技布局。本文基于美国联邦研发资金数据,分析了美国政府科技布局的几个重要方面——重点领域、活动类型、执行主体和国外布局。研究表明:美国联邦政府重点布局领域包括国防、健康、能源、航空航天等,但国防领域在政府研发预算中所占的份额较10年前有所降低,而健康和能源领域所占份额有所提升;研发活动类型当前以研究(基础研究+应用研究)活动为主,而几十年前则以试验发展为主;执行主体包括企业、政府研究机构、大学、联邦资助的研发中心和非营利机构,但企业执行的联邦研发资金所占份额在减少,而大学所占的份额在增加;国外布局以盟友国家为主,研发领域包括国防、航空航天、卫生健康、基础研究、农业等,少部分资金给予了发展中国家,且大都局限于卫生健康领域。

As one crucial science and technology investment resource,the distribution of Government R&D funds can reflect the government’s science and technology layout.Based on the data of U.S.Federal R&D funds,this paper analyzes several essential aspects of the U.S.government’s science and technology layout-critical areas,R&D types,and implementers(including foreignimplementers).The research shows that:1)the critical areas of the U.S.federal government include national defense,health,energy,aerospace,etc.However,the share of national defense in the government’s R&D budget has decreased compared with 10 years ago,while the share of health and energy has increased;2)The type of R&D activities is mainly research(basic research+Applied Research)at present,while decades ago it was mainly experimental development;3)The main implementers include enterprises,government research institutions,universities,federally funded R&D centers and non-profit organizations.However,the share of federal R&D funds spent by enterprises is decreasing,while the share of funds spent by universities is increasing;4)The foreign layout is dominated by ally countries whose R&D areas include national defense,aerospace,hygiene and health,basic research,agriculture,etc.A small part of the funds is given to developing countries whose R&D area focus on health.