建制性科技力量与社会创新力量融合:美国和德国的经验及启示

Integration of Institutional Scientific and Technological Forces with Social Innovation Forces: Experiences and Insights from the United States and Germany

强化国家战略科技力量是我国完善科技创新体系的重要举措。以国家科研机构和高水平大学为主的建制性科技力量和以科技领军企业为主的社会创新力量作为国家战略科技力量的重要组成部分,优化两者创新资源配置,优化协同攻关机制,有助于加快国家战略科技力量建设。美国国家实验室GOCO模式和德国创新集群策动是建制性科技力量和社会创新力量结合的典型案例,并且美国和德国大力推动建制性科技力量创新资源共享,提高了社会创新力量的合作积极性。通过总结美国和德国的建制性科技力量与社会创新力量结合模式以及建制性科技力量资源共享方面的经验,提出社会创新力量参与的新型实验室和创新集群模式;在项目合作和重大科研设施、数据开放共享方面提出几点建议,以促进我国建制性科技力量与社会创新力量结合。

The report of the 20th( CPC National) Congress proposes that the new situation calls for improving the system of scientific and technological innovation, improving the new national system, strengthening the national strategic science and technology force, and optimizing the allocation of innovation resources. Institutional scientific and technological forces, based on national laboratories and institutions, high-level universities, are rich in innovation resources and strong in scientific research, which are the main force for national basic research and tackling key core technologies. On the one hand, in the context of accelerated iterative development of science and technology innovation model and scientific research organization form, the institutional innovation forces often appear to be less dynamic and inefficient. On the other hand, the social innovation forces in science and technology leading enterprises and new R&D institutions have diverse backgrounds and the organization mode is flexible, which can effectively make up for the lack of vitality and efficiency of institutional innovation forces in science and technology innovation. Institutional innovation forces and social innovation forces are important components of national strategic science and technology forces. If the allocation of innovation resources and the mechanism for collaborative research are better optimized, it will accelerate the construction of national strategic science and technology forces.For one thing, this paper compares the typical cases of the combination of institutional innovation forces and social innovation forces, that is the US National Laboratory GOCO model and German innovation clusters. The main features of the former are long-term stable government support and regulatory safeguards, special authority for M&O contracts and chain supervision and management mechanisms, which ensure a high degree of autonomy for laboratory operators.While Germany has always put social innovation forces at the center of the national strategic science and technology force construction, and actively carries out the innovation cluster curation with enterprises as the core, sending a sign for social innovation forces to participate in major national research projects from a strategic level. Moreover, Germany improves the competitiveness of cluster innovation through a continuous competition mechanism.For another thing, this paper mainly focuses on promoting the innovation resources of the institutional innovation forces, such as major research facilities and data resources, to opening up to the social innovation forces proactively, carrying out special programs for science and technology projects, and studying how to improve the innovation capacity of the social innovation forces. Firstly, in terms of open sharing of major research facilities, this paper studies the framework of scientific research infrastructure sharing in the EU and Germany, and user facility management in the US. Secondly,the different features of project funding programs in the US, Germany and the EU are analyzed in terms of major project cooperation participation. Finally, in respect of the opening and sharing of data resources, the U.S. Open Data Action Plan and the European Data Strategy of the EU are introduced to study how to regulate public data openness.In sum, based on the research of the above contents, this paper puts forward some suggestions for the innovation of the institutional mechanism of national laboratories and the creation of competitive innovation clusters in terms of the integration of institutional scientific and technological forces and social innovation forces. Besides,some proposals in terms of curating social innovation forces are made around the improvement of the opening and sharing mechanism of China’s major research base, the cooperation and participation mechanism of major projects and the data opening and sharing mechanism.