从“纯意向性客体”到“绝对意向性客体”——论埃科的客体理论及其符号学内涵

From Purely Intentional Objects to Absolutely Intentional Objects:Umberto Eco’s Object Theory from His Semiotic Perspective

“绝对意向性客体”是意大利学者翁贝托·埃科在他的演讲集《一位年轻小说家的自白》中所提出的重要概念。在他的文学理论中,该概念被用以描述一类仅仅存在于虚构性叙事中的客体,这类客体不但能因“症候性属性”被一再地确认,还会因符号性增衍机制而持续地存在。“绝对意向性客体”自罗曼·英加登的“纯意向性客体”发展而来,在《论文学作品》中,英加登以现象学为理论基础,视文学作品为分析对象,从而揭示了孕育“纯意向性客体”的四层次本体形式。同样,埃科也在英加登的本体论文学研究的基础上,通过阐发“绝对意向性客体”概念,揭示出英加登的“存在性本体论框架”在处理具体文艺现象时所表现出的不足。为了把普适的“存在性本体论框架”发展为可被多元话语实践重塑的动态系统,埃科借助其符号学思考,改写经典的“语义三角”框架,最终建构了他的“客体理论”。

The“absolutely intentional objects”is an important term raised by the Italian scholar Umberto Eco.In his work,this term is described as a category of objects that only exist in fictional narratives.These objects are not only repeatedly identified by diagnostic properties,but also persistently exist due to semiosis.The basis of this term is“purely intentional objects”raised by Roman Ingarden,who,in The Literary Work of Art,takes phenomenology as a theoretical basis and literary work as the analytical target,revealing four strata of ontic form in literary work.By discussing the concept,Ingarden intends to criticize the radical aspect in Edmund Husserl’s phenomenological thought,referred to as“transcendental idealism”.According to this idea,these objects are only considered as a result of the subjective act of intentional consciousness rather than a mixture of facts and intentions.Furthermore,Eco also participates in the conversation between ontology and literary studies from the perspective of semiotics by the concept of“absolutely intentional objects”,with which he develops the classical“semantic triangle”into a dynamic framework of ontology by taking multiple“referent”into consideration.