明中后期古文选本的“秦汉文”观及其科举转向

The View of“Qin-Han-Wen”in the Anthologies of Ancient Writings in the Middle and Late Ming Dynasty and Its Imperial Examination Orientation

在复古思想活跃的明中期,秦汉文选本极少,万历以后才巨幅增长。这个错位现象久被忽略。复古派高视秦汉,是精英阶层对当时文风、思想的反思,秦汉文选本则是举子教材,与科举教育密不可分。秦汉文选本与科举经历了从尖锐对立到密切结合的转向过程,又因“正文体”的时代责任与举子的现实需要交织而具备不同的功能,发生了从“崇古”到“重文”的嬗变。选本的“秦汉文”观,为我们观察精英阶层文学思想如何渗透进举子教育及其差异性呈现与功能嬗变提供了极佳的窗口。以具有“家族相似性”的选本群为对象,历时地考察选本文学观念的演进、功能的嬗变,有利于突破个案式研究的局限,发掘古文选本的文学思想史之维。

In the mid-Ming dynasty,when the idea of reviving the ancient was prominent,there were very few anthologies of the Qin-and Han-Dynasty prose until the Wanli Reign in the Ming Dynasty.This mismatch has long been unduly overlooked.The ancient-revival school held high the Qin-and Han-Dynasty style and thought,as they were closely related to the preparation of the imperial examination.Anthologies of the Qin-and Han-Dynasty prose and the imperial examination experienced a transformative process from mutually opposing each other to closely intersecting with each other.The responsibilities of“the orthodox style”and the realistic needs of the examiners were combined to require of the anthologies to perform varied functions,with a resulting transformation from the revering the ancient to valuing the writing..The perception of the Qin-Han literary writing in the anthologies provides a good window for us to investigate how the literary thoughts of the elite filtered through the imperial examination preparation and how they were presented differently and how their functions transformed.The paper argues that a diachronic study on the evolution of the literary concept behind anthologization and the functional transformation,with a focus on the anthologies with family resemblance,may break through the limitations of case studies,and cast light on the significant of ancient anthologies for the intellectual history.