卫星遥感监测人类活动所致海洋环境污染研究进展

Progress in remote sensing satellite monitoring of marine environmental pollution by human activities

随着沿海地区城市化及工业化的快速发展,卫星遥感具有覆盖范围大、快速、准确的监测优势,是全球海洋环境动态监测与评价研究的重要手段。从三种海洋环境污染源出发,辨析人类活动造成的不同种类污染及其监测指标,梳理国内外卫星遥感监测相关海洋环境污染研究,检视卫星遥感技术方法在海洋环境污染上的应用,发现:(1)人类活动造成的海洋环境污染主要有海洋水质污染、海洋垃圾和微塑料污染、海洋大气沉降污染三种类型。(2)水质污染的遥感监测应用可有效针对水质环境恶化、大面积沿海水质环境灾害等常规现场监测方法无法满足的情况,而海洋垃圾与微塑料污染监测方法已经从遥感反演发展至机器学习,海洋大气沉降污染的遥感监测应用中需要更多大气污染参数以达到精确监测。(3)海洋环境污染卫星遥感监测仍然受到影像数据分辨率的限制,同时受海洋的立体性和流动性影响,因此未来研究应集中于立体化的海洋遥感探测技术,同时利用卫星、航空、船舶、岸基等多源、多时空的监测数据,将光学物理传感器与生物传感器相结合,构建海洋多源监测数据库,为政府及相关商业部门提供即时海洋信息,辅助海洋生态文明背景下的海洋空间规划顺利实施。

With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization in coastal city areas,human activities have caused pollution in three ways:land-source,air-source and sea-source,resulting in the degradation of marine environment.With large coverage,fast and accurate monitoring capability,satellite remote sensing is an important tool for global marine environment dynamic monitoring and evaluation research.Focusing on the three ways of marine environmental pollution caused by human activities,the present study identifies different kinds of marine pollution and their monitoring objects,reviews the application of satellite remote sensing technology on these marine environmental pollution,and finds that there are mainly three types of marine environmental pollution caused by human activities:marine water quality pollution,marine garbage and microplastics,and marine atmospheric pollution.The application of remote sensing effectively improved the monitoring for the deterioration of water quality environment,disaster of large coastal water quality environment that cannot be done by other conventional field monitoring methods.Marine litter and microplastic pollution monitoring methods have been involved from remote sensing inversion to machine learning,but domestic related research still needs to go further.In the application of remote sensing in marine atmospheric pollution deposition monitoring,more atmospheric pollution parameters are needed to achieve accurate monitoring.In addition,the satellite remote sensing monitoring of marine environmental pollution is still limited by the resolution of image,and also affected by the three-dimensionality and mobility of the ocean.Future research should focus on marine remote sensing technology for detecting three-dimensional ocean,while using multi-source and multi-temporal monitoring data from satellites,aviation,ships,and shore-based,combining optical and physical sensors with biosensors is an essential development direction.Finally,a marine multi-source monitoring database needs to be considered to provide the government and relevant commercial sectors with timely accessible data service,as well as to assist in improving marine spatial planning.