虚拟货币非法转移的刑法规制

Criminal Law Provisions on Illegal Transfer of Virtual Currency

虚拟货币是私人发行的以电子化方式记录的去中心化的加密货币。通过案例检索发现虚拟货币非法转移犯罪主要集中于盗窃、诈骗、敲诈勒索等侵犯财产罪和非法获取计算机信息系统数据罪,分歧集中于虚拟货币的法律属性和虚拟货币的犯罪数额认定。理论上关于虚拟货币法律属性的学说包括货币说、商品说、数据说、证券说等。从财产的基本属性、司法惯例和罪刑相适应的角度出发,宜将虚拟货币认定为刑法上的财物。虚拟货币非法转移的犯罪数额认定应当以“非法转移时”的平台交易价或销赃价和被害人购入价为准。

The virtual currencies are privately-issued decentralized cryptocurrencies that are recorded electronically. Through the case search, it is found that the crime of illegal transfer of virtual currency is mainly related with theft, fraud, extortion, other property-related crimes and the illegal access to computer information system data. Opinions differ in the legal attributes of virtual currency and the determination of its amount. The theoretical doctrines on its legal attributes can go back to those on currency, commodity, data and securities. So it is appropriate to regard virtual currency as property in the criminal law from the perspective of the basic attributes of property, judicial practice and match between crime and punishment.The amount of the illegal transfer of virtual currency should be determined by referring to the transaction price or the sale price of the platform and the victims’ purchase price at the time of the illegal transfer.