岩矿地球化学分析测试技术在古代玉器产地溯源中的应用及进展

Applications and progress of petrogeochemical testing techniques in tracing the origin of ancient jade

古玉产地溯源研究对揭示文明早期玉石资源开发利用和跨区域物质、文化交流等都具有重要的意义。由于测试分析手段及研究样品本身的制约,古玉产地溯源至今仍然是制约古玉文化交流研究的难题及瓶颈。近年来,随着研究的深入及科学测试手段的进步,地质、考古及文博界开展了更为密切的跨学科合作,对古代玉器产地溯源技术进行了许多新的探索,并取得了一些较为重要的成果。本文在团队工作及前人研究的基础上,对质子激发X射线荧光(PIXE)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)、电子探针(EPMA)等多种主微量元素地球化学分析测试技术及放射性同位素、稳定同位素地球化学技术在古代玉器产地溯源的应用情况进行了梳理,综合分析了不同测试方法在古玉溯源中的工作进展,并对当前古玉产地溯源研究中存在的问题进行了探讨。总体来说,岩矿地球化学分析测试技术的应用对古玉溯源研究起到了重要的推动作用,而对已知玉矿资源系统的地质学研究及玉料的主微量元素、同位素地球化学数据库的建设和新的无损、样品尺寸不受限的原位岩矿地球化学分析技术的开发及其在古玉样品测试中的大规模应用,应是未来古玉溯源研究工作的重点方向。

The provenance study of ancient jade artifacts is of great significance to reveal the exploitation and utilization of jade resources, cross-regional material and cultural exchanges in the prehistoric age. Due to the constraints of the test methods and the disquisitive samples, tracing the origin of ancient jade artifacts is still a bottleneck restricting the research of jade archaeology. In recent years, with the deepening of archaeological research and the advancement of scientific testing methods, the geological, archaeological and museological communities have carried out closer interdisciplinary cooperation, and made many new explorations on the origin tracing technology of ancient jade artifacts, and some important results have been achieved. Based on the results of predecessors and our team, this paper summarizes the research of the application of multiple modern major and trace elements testing techniques, such as proton induced X-ray emission( PIXE), X-ray fluorescence spectrometer( XRF), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer( LA-ICP-MS), electron probe microanalysis( EPMA), as well as radioisotope and stable isotope geochemistry in the origin traceability of ancient jade artifacts. The progress of different geochemical testing techniques in tracing the origin of ancient jade artifacts is comprehensively analyzed, and the problems in the current researches are discussed. Overall, petrogeochemical testing techniques have contributed significantly to the provenance study of prehistoric jade artifacts. The key topics of the future researches should include: systematic geological research of known jade resources, the construction of geochemical( main and trace elements, isotopes) database of jade materials from different geographic origins, the development of nondestructive sample-size-unlimited petrogeochemical analysis techniques and their large-scale applications in the testing of ancient jade samples.