论唐末易代文人的焦虑心态及文学书写——以杨凝式、冯道、和凝为考察中心

The Anxiety and Literary Writing of Turncoat Officials in Late Tang Dynasty——An Analysis of Yang Ningshi,Feng Dao and He Ning

唐末五代易代之时,许多文人历仕多朝,几易其主,虽在各朝贵为权臣,但实为贰臣,他们对此心存焦虑。易主而从,实在是政权鼎革高压下畏祸顺受、艰难委身的无奈之举。因德行有亏,故其文多自我辩白之意。为缓解德行与声名焦虑,他们一方面通过游心释老获得心灵的慰藉,另一方面也试图通过立言以求不朽。在现实中,他们力图救世济民,获得心灵的慰藉;同时,采取随运任化的处世方式和人生取向,因而也表现出超然放旷的态度。他们熟知前朝旧制,吏能突出,安抚百姓,赢得当政者的信任和倚重,其中以杨凝式、冯道、和凝等人为代表。观照他们在易代之际心态的多面性、复杂性,可以从另一个侧面了解唐末易代之际贰臣的生存状态,加深对唐末易代文学的研究。

At the end of Late Tang dynasty, some scholars had served more than one monarch with the changing of dynasties in their lifetime. Although they were powerful ministers in each regime, they were actually turncoat officials, which made them extremely anxious. It is really a helpless act of resigning oneself to emperors when they suffered from high political pressure. Because they violated the Confusion morality, the meaning of self-justification can be easily found in their essays. Many methods have been taken to relieve their anxiety. Firstly, they sought spiritual comfort through Buddhism and Taoism. In addition, they tried to achieve immortality by writing. Furthermore, they strove to bring people out of the pit of misery and help others so as to achieve the spiritual comfort. At the same time, they thought complying with nature was the principle of life, so they also showed a detached and relaxed attitude towards life. Those officials, represented by Yang Ningshi, Feng Dao, He Ning and others, were featured by being familiar with the political system of the previous dynasty, having prominent political ability to pacify the civilians and won the trust and reliance of those in power, which assisted them to win the trust and reliance of those dominators. To research the turncoat officials’ multi-faceted and complex mentality during the changing period would be a great help for a deep understanding on these literati’s living situation and the literature in this period.