行政处罚过错推定条款的性质、适用与完善

On the nature,application and perfection of the fault presumption clause in administrative punishment

新修订的«行政处罚法»增设过错推定条款,是落实宪法人权保障原则的必然要求,是顺应国内行政处罚立法趋势的必然延展,也是借鉴域外行政处罚法治文明成果的必然选择,该条款的性质应为行政处罚过错推定归责原则而非行政处罚的构成要件,对该条款的适用,应在剖析其价值取向和逻辑构造的基础上,从举证责任、证明标准、不予处罚、例外规定四个方面对其适用条件和基本要求进行探讨,针对该条款的不足,应从形成统一的行政处罚归责体系、分化行政处罚主观过错的举证责任、强化该条款的可操作性三个方面予以完善。

It is the inevitable requirement to implement the principle of constitutional human rights protection, the inevitable extension to adjust to the legislative trend of domestic administrative punishment, and the inevitable choice to learn from the achievements of rule of law in extraterritorial administrative punishment for the new revised “Administrative Punishment Law” to add fault presumption clause.The nature of this clause should be the principle of imputation of fault in administrative punishment rather than the constitutive requirements of administrative punishment.The application of this clause should be based on the analysis of its value orientation and logical structure.And the applicable conditions and basic requirements should be discussed in four aspects: burden of proof, standard of proof, no punishment and exception.In view of the shortcomings of the clause, it should be improved in three aspects: forming a unified system of attribution of administrative punishment, dividing the burden of proof of subjective fault of administrative punishment and strengthening the operability of the clause.