激活后增强效应对国家钢架雪车运动员冲刺能力的影响

Effect of Post-Activation Potentiation on Sprint Ability of National Skeleton Athletes

目的:观察不同负荷雪橇抗阻冲刺产生的激活后增强效应(post-activation potentiation,PAP)对中国钢架雪车运动员30 m冲刺成绩的影响,探索中国钢架雪车运动员经PAP诱导练习后的最佳雪橇抗阻冲刺负荷。方法:以7名中国钢架雪车国家队重点运动员作为研究对象,要求运动员在连续4周的每周一完成测试。测试时,第1周运动员完成1次时长为40 min的标准热身,休息6 min后直接进行30 m测试。第2周、第3周、第4周完成标准热身分别采用1次75%、50%、25%体质量雪橇抗阻全力冲刺20 m,休息6 min后进行30 m测试。结果:1)不同组次晨脉(F=0.272,P=0.845,ES=0.212)、晨起血尿素(F=0.385,P=0.765,ES=0.253)和肌酸激酶(F=1.997,P=0.151,ES=0.578)值均无显著性差异;2)不同组次热身阶段最大心率百分比(percentage of maximum heart rate,%HR_(max))≤60%(F=2.009,P=0.149,ES=0.579)、%HR_(max)60%~70%(F=2.010,P=0.149,ES=0.579)、%HR_(max)70%~80%(F=0.368,P=0.777,ES=0.248)、%HR_(max)80%~90%(F=0.160,P=0.922,ES=0.163)值均无显著性差异;3)不同组次30 m冲刺成绩有显著性差异(F=15.635,P=0.000,ES=1.616)。事后比较结果显示:50%体质量雪橇抗阻组30 m冲刺成绩显著低于无雪橇抗阻组(P<0.05)、25%体质量雪橇抗阻组(P<0.05)、75%体质量雪橇抗阻组(P<0.05),75%体质量雪橇抗阻组30 m冲刺成绩显著低于25%体质量雪橇抗阻组(P<0.05)。结论:采用1次50%体质量雪橇抗阻20 m全力冲刺能够有效提高钢架雪车运动员的PAP,进而提高其30 m冲刺成绩。建议:教练员在日常训练以及比赛前可采用50%体质量雪橇抗阻负荷进行全力冲刺,提高运动员短距离冲刺表现。

Objective: To observe the effect of PAP(post-activation potentiation) produced by different loads of sled resistance sprint on the 30 m sprint performance of national skeleton athletes, and to explore the optimal sled resistance sprint load for national skeleton athletes after PAP induction training, so as to provide guidance for the pre-competition warm-up and physical training for the national skeleton team. Methods: Seven key athletes from the national skeleton team are selected as the research objects and are required to complete the test every Monday for four consecutive weeks. During the test, athletes are required to complete a standard warm-up for 40 min in the first week and then take a 30 m sprint test directly after a 6 min rest. In the second, third, and fourth weeks, after the standard warm-up, the athletes use 75%, 50%, and 25%sled resistance respectively to sprint 20 m, followed by a 30 m test after a 6 min rest. Results:1) There are no significant differences in morning pulse(F=0.272, P=0.845, ES=0.212), morning blood urea(F=0.385, P=0.765, ES=0.253), creatine kinase(F=1.997, P=0.151, ES=0.578)among the four groups;2) there are no significant differences in percentage of maximun heart rate(%HR_(max)) ≤60%(F=2.009, P=0.149, ES=0.579), %HR_(max)60%~70%(F=2.010, P=0.149,ES=0.579), %HR_(max)70%~80%(F=0.368, P=0.777, ES=0.248), %HR_(max)80%~90%(F=0.160,P=0.922, ES=0.163) during warm-up among the four groups;3) there are significant differences in 30 m sprint results among four groups(F=15.635, P=0.000, ES=1.616). Post-hoc comparisons show that: The 30 m sprint results of the 50% body weight sled resistance group is significantly lower than that of the no sled resistance group(P<0.05), the 25% body weight sled resistance group(P<0.05), and the 75% body weight sled resistance group(P<0.05). The 30 m sprint results of the 75% body weight sled resistance group is significantly lower than that of the 25% body weight sled resistance group(P<0.05). Conclusions: The PAP of skeleton athletes can be improved effectively by using a 50% body weight sled resistance for a 20 m allout sprint, which in turn improves their 30 m sprint performance. It is suggested that coaches are encouraged to use 50% body weight sled resistance load for all-out sprint in daily training and before competitions to improve athletes’ performance in short-distance sprints.