化肥减量施用对蔬菜地氮素流失控制及小白菜生长的影响

Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction on control of nitrogen loss in vegetable field and growth of Chinese cabbage

【目的】研究化肥减量施用对蔬菜地土壤氮素流失及种植小白菜产量和品质的影响,为减少蔬菜地化肥施用和提高蔬菜质量提供参考。【方法】在化肥传统施用量250 kg/hm^(2)的基础上,设置减氮80%、60%、40%和20%的室内盆栽试验,测定分析化肥不同用量氮素淋溶流失量、小白菜产量、小白菜硝酸盐含量及维生素C含量。【结果】施肥量为100%时,氨态氮流失量分别是施肥量为80%、60%、40%、20%、不施肥(CK)的1.14、1.38、1.80、2.29和3.25倍,硝态氮流失量是80%、60%、40%、20%和CK的1.20、1.68、2.12、2.60和3.17倍。当施肥量从100%减到60%时,总氮流失量减少12.18 kg/hm^(2),硝态氮流失量减少11.38 kg/hm^(2),小白菜产量提高24.78%,硝酸盐含量降低38.99%,维生素C含量上升35.77%。施肥量与小白菜硝态氮含量、总氮流失量呈极显著正相关,与小白菜维生素C含量呈显著负相关,与小白菜产量相关性不显著。【结论】氨态氮、硝态氮和总氮的流失量均随化肥施用量的减少而降低,减少硝态氮的流失是控制氮素流失的有效方式。减少40%的化肥施用量有利于小白菜产量和品质的提高。

【Objective】The effects of chemical fertilizer reduction on soil nitrogen loss in vegetable field and the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage were studied to provide a reference for reducing the application level of chemical fertilizer in vegetable field and improving the quality of vegetable.【Method】On the basis of the traditional application amount of 250 kg/hm2chemical fertilizer, indoor pot tests of nitrogen reduction of 80%, 60%, 40%and 20%were set up to determine and analyze the amount of nitrogen leaching loss, cabbage yield, cabbage nitrate content and vitamin C content under different fertilization level treatments.【Result】When the fertilization amount was 100%, the ammonia nitrogen loss was 1.14, 1.38, 1.80, 2.29 and 3.25 times of the application amount of 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%and CK, respectively, and the nitrate nitrogen loss was 1.20, 1.68, 2.12, 2.60 and 3.17 times of the application amount of 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%and CK. When the fertilizer amount was reduced from 100%to 60%, the total nitrogen loss, nitrate nitrogen loss and nitrate were decreased by 12.18 kg/hm^(2),11.38 kg/hm^(2) and 38.99%,respectively, while the yield and vitamin C of Chinese cabbage was increased by 24.78%and 35.77%. The fertilization amount was very significantly and positively correlated with the nitrate nitrogen content of Chinese cabbage and the total nitrogen loss, and significantly and negatively correlated with vitamin C content of Chinese cabbage, and not significantly correlated with the yield of Chinese cabbage.【Conclusion】The loss of ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen decreases with the reduction of fertilization level, and reducing nitrate nitrogen loss was an effective way to control nitrogen loss.Reducing 40%of chemical fertilizer was conducive to the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage.