中国东北地区奶牛场牛群精细化管理及健康状况调研报告

Investigation Report on Refined Management and Health Status of Dairy Farms in Northeast China

为考察中国东北地区奶牛场饲养管理情况,本次专项调研收集了黑龙江、辽宁、吉林存栏量100头以上的61家规模化养殖场的数据。通过对牛场牛群精细化管理以及健康情况分析,得出结论如下:①评估后备牛生长发育状况、配种选用公牛精液时考虑母牛难产、围产期时将后备牛与干奶牛分开饲养、新产牛与其他泌乳牛分开饲养的牛场占比均超过50%,49.2%的牛场将头胎牛与经产牛分开饲养,其年均产奶量分别较未采取相应措施的牛场高11.0%、11.1%、7.9%、27.3%、21.0%;②90.2%的牛场会定期评估牛群体况,其年均产奶量较没有定期评估牛群体况的牛场高15.0%;11.5%的牛场奶牛体况偏瘦或偏胖,其年均产奶量低于奶牛体况正常的牛场;③尽管产后瘫痪发生率在0.5%以下、酮病发生率在1%以下的牛场占比均超过50%,但产后瘫痪、酮病在产奶量高的牛场发生率偏高;夏季高产牛乳房炎发生率高,更应关注。综上所述,牛场应注重分群及其他精细化管理,并关注牛群的健康状况,以期获得更高的产奶量。

In order to investigate the feeding management of dairy farms in Northeast China,this survey collected data of 61 farms with over 100 head of dairy cows in stock from Heilongjiang,Liaoning and Jilin province.The following conclusions were drawn from an analysis of the refined management and health status of the cows:(1)The percentage of farms that evaluated the growth and development of replacement cows,considered the difficulty of cow birth when selecting bull semen for breeding,kept replacement cows separately from dry cows,and kept newborn cows separately from other lactating cows were all over 50%,and 49.2%of dairy farms kept primiparous cows separately from multiparous cows,and their annual average milk production was 11.0%,11.1%,7.9%,27.3%and 21.0%higher than that of the dairy farms that did not take corresponding measures,respectively;(2)90.2%of dairy farms regularly evaluated the condition of cows,and their average annual milk production was 15.0%higher than those of dairy farms without regular evaluation of the body condition of the cattle herd;11.5%of the farms had thin or fat cows,and their average annual milk production was lower than that of farms with normal cows;(3)Although the incidence of postpartum paralysis was less than 0.5%and ketosis was less than 1%in more than 50%of the farms,the incidence of postpartum paralysis and ketosis was higher in farms with high milk production;in summer,the incidence of mastitis of high yielding cows was high,so more attention should be paid.In summary,farms should focus on cow grouping and other refined management and pay attention to herd health in order to obtain higher milk production.