澜沧江流域过鱼设施的应用探讨

Application of Fish Passage Facilities in Lancang River Basin

澜沧江流域水资源开发对流域内河流的生态系统造成了较大影响,特别是大坝对河流的阻隔作用,直接阻断了鱼类上下行的通道,影响了鱼类的洄游、繁殖与生存。实践证明,修建有效的过鱼设施可帮助鱼类顺利通过大坝来缓解水电工程对生态环境带来的负面影响,有效保护水生物种的多样性,防止土著鱼类的灭绝。通过对澜沧江流域区系特征及鱼类资源的研究,结合水电工程已建过鱼设施对其应用进行探讨。澜沧江干流所建水电站多为高坝,只能考虑高坝过鱼设施,已建过鱼设施包括升鱼机和集运鱼系统。实际运行监测表明,这些高坝过鱼设施的建设一定程度上缓解了大坝阻隔对鱼类多样性的影响;但也存在升鱼机系统机械、电气设备故障率较高,需加强过鱼效果监测和评估等问题。

The development of water resources in Lancang River Basin has a great impact on river ecosystem,especially the blocking effect of dams,which directly blocks the upstream and downstream channels of fish and affects the migration,reproduction and survival of fish.Practice has proved that the construction of effective fish-passing facilities can help fish smoothly pass through the dam to alleviate the negative impact of water conservancy projects on the ecological environment,effectively protect the diversity of aquatic species and prevent the extinction indigenous fish.Through the research on the topographic characteristics and fish resources of Lancang River Basin,the application of fish passage facilities is discussed.As most of the dams of hydropower stations built on the main stream of Lancang River are high dam,the fish passage facilities suiting for high dam can only be considered and the facilities in operation include fish lift and fish collecting system.The actual operation monitoring shows that the construction of these high dam fish passage facilities has alleviated the impact of the dam blocking on fish diversity to a certain extent,however,there are also problems including high failure rate of mechanical and electrical equipments in the fish lift and inadequate fish passing effect monitoring and evaluation.