年龄与性别对人体步态生物力学特征的影响

Effects of age and gender on biomechanical characteristics of human gait

目的行走步态生物力学特征受年龄、性别影响的研究尚未得到充分的探索,本研究通过比较不同年龄、性别之间的健康人步态差异来探究年龄及性别因素对于人体步态生物力学特征的影响。方法本研究应用三维运动捕捉系统、测力台和生物力学分析软件,采集和计算28名健康老年人(男女各14名)和30名健康年轻人(男女各15名)行走的时空参数、运动学和动力学参数,并使用双因素方差进行不同年龄与性别之间的统计分析。结果老年组较年轻组踝关节最大跖屈角度与跖屈力矩更小,膝关节最大内收角度与外翻力矩更小,膝关节最大外旋角度更大,髋关节最大外旋角度与内外旋运动范围、足底向内最大反作用力更小(P<0.05)。男性组较女性组步宽大,踝关节最大内旋角度与内外旋范围、髋关节最大内收角度与最大内旋角度、骨盆最大下倾角度与上下倾运动范围、足底向内最大反作用力更小(P<0.05)。年龄增长对不同性别组行走步态也有不同影响,老年男性组相较于年轻男性组,步速、步长和跨步长较显著下降(P<0.05),踝关节最大背伸角度、骨盆最大前倾角度与最小前倾角度显著增加(P<0.05),膝关节最大屈曲力矩显著下降(P<0.05)。结论年龄与性别因素在步速,步长,跨步长,踝关节最大背伸角度,膝关节最大屈曲力矩,髋关节最大屈曲角度、最大伸展角度、屈伸运动范围、最大伸展力矩和最大屈曲力矩,骨盆最大前倾角度和最小前倾角度和向后最大足底反作用力存在显著交互作用。在临床步态分析与研究中,应重视年龄和性别对步态生物力学各评估指标的影响,建立年龄与性别相匹配的健康对照组。

Objective The research on the effect of age and gender on the biomechanical characteristics of walking gait has not been fully explored.In this study,the effects of age and gender on the biomechanical characteristics of human gait patterns were explored by comparing the gait differences of healthy people with different ages and genders.Methods The 3 D motion capture system,force measuring platform and biomechanical software were used to collect and calculate the spatiotemporal parameters,lower limb kinematics and kinetics of 28 healthy elderly people(14 men and 14 women)and 30 healthy young people(15 men and 15 women).Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis.Results Compared with the young people,seven parameters of the elderly people including maximum plantar flexion angle,moment of ankle joint,maximum adduction angle,valgus moment of knee joint,maximum external rotation angle of hip joint,internal and external rotation motion range,and maximum inward GRF were smaller,while maximum external rotation angle of knee joint was larger(P<0.05).Compared with the female group,the male group had a wider step;the maximum internal rotation angle and internal rotation range of ankle joint,the maximum adduction angle and the maximum internal rotation angle of hip joint,the maximum downward inclination angle and up and down inclination motion range of pelvis,and the maximum backward plantar reaction force of males were smaller than those of females(P<0.05).Age also had different effects on gait pattern in different gender groups.Compared with the young male group,the older male group had significantly lower stride speed,step length and stride length(P<0.05);the maximum dorsiflexion angle of ankle joint,maximum forward angle and minimum forward angle of pelvis were significantly increased(P<0.05),and the maximum flexion moment of knee joint was significantly decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion There are significant interactions between age and gender factors in step speed;step length;stride length;maximum extension angle of ankle;maximum flexion moment of knee;maximum flexion angle,extension angle,flexion extension range of motion,maximum extension moment and maximum flexion moment of hip;maximum anteversion angle and minimum anteversion angle of pelvic and maximum ground reaction force of post.In clinical gait analysis and research,we should pay attention to the influence of age and gender on the evaluation indexes of gait biomechanics,and establish a healthy control group with matching age and gender.