智能制造对企业颠覆性创新的作用机理——来自扎根理论的海尔案例研究

Mechanism of Intelligent Manufacturing on Enterprise Disruptive Innovation:A Case Study of Haier Based on Grounded Theory

在新一轮科技革命浪潮中,制造企业基于智能制造带来的颠覆性创新效应,既能把握市场先机,也易于实现“创新逆袭”。智能制造如何赋能企业颠覆性创新?围绕这一问题,以海尔集团深度访谈质性数据为基础,采用扎根理论对一手数据与二手数据进行编码,结果发现,生产模式变革、组织结构演化、合作网络创新是颠覆性创新的重要影响因素。由此,构建智能制造企业颠覆性创新理论模型,解析智能制造企业颠覆性创新实现与演化机理,以期为新时代背景下,中国企业更好地激发自身智能制造潜能,推动颠覆性创新提供参考。

With the development of information technology,the fourth industrial revolution based on information technology has had an impact on China’s manufacturing industry.China stands at a new crossroad and proposes the transformation of intelligent manufacturing.In the new round of revolutionary waves,the manufacturing enterprises take the revolutionary opportunity brought by intelligent manufacturing which will help to grasp the market opportunity and facilitate“the switch of runways and the surpassing of competitors”.Therefore,it is necessary to analyze how intelligent manufacturing can enable disruptive innovation of enterprises.On the basis of the relevant literature on intelligent manufacturing and disruptive innovation,this study firstly clarifies the definition of intelligent manufacturing and the relationship between intelligent manufacturing and disruptive innovation.Secondly,according to the theoretical analysis,Haier Group is selected for the study.Through the communication with the middle and senior management of Haier Group,the first-hand information is obtained,and then the second-hand information is acquired through the official website and HowNet.Finally,taking the qualitative data acquired from in-depth interviews with Haier Group as a foundation,the study adopts the grounded theory method to encode the first and second hand data,bridging the two theories of intelligent manufacturing and disruptive innovation with the focus on the key factors for intelligent manufacturing enterprises to achieve disruptive innovation and the generation and evolution mechanism of disruptive innovation enabled by intelligent manufacturing,providing reference for the transformation and upgrading of Chinese manufacturing enterprises,succeed in"overtaking",and promoting the high-quality development of Chinese manufacturing industry.The results show that"production mode change","organizational structure evolution"and"cooperative network innovation"are important factors to promote disruptive innovation.Firstly,the change of production mode is the premise for manufacturing enterprises to build the core advantage of disruptive innovation.Intelligent manufacturing makes use of the new generation of information technology to bring customers into the research and development of products and realize large-scale personalized customization.On the basis of production mode transformation,the organizational structure and cooperation network of the enterprise are reconstructed.In terms of organizational structure,the enterprise will be transformed into a platform enterprise,and a user centered network platform will be built to facilitate"zero distance"interaction with users and realize the lifetime value of users.In terms of cooperation network,the product modular architecture is used to facilitate the absorption of external excellent resources and the construction of a parallel resource ecosystem.Secondly,the evolution of organizational structure is the basis for manufacturing enterprises to build the core advantage of disruptive innovation.Platform enterprises can effectively communicate internal and external resources and unblock the channels for enterprises to understand the personalized needs of users.In addition,they will"flatten"the organization and provide corresponding incentive mechanisms to stimulate the entrepreneurial team’s innovative spirit and create a new generation of disruptive innovative products.Finally,cooperative network innovation is the key for manufacturing enterprises to build the core advantage of disruptive innovation.It helps to break the boundaries of enterprises,establish cooperative partnerships with all kinds of innovation organizations,scientific research institutions and technology holders around the world,integrate global resources,carry out rapid iterative research and development according to user needs,improve enterprise innovation ability and achieve win-win results.The research findings bridge the two theories of intelligent manufacturing and disruptive innovation,and provide a new perspective for the research of intelligent manufacturing.Then from the micro perspective,the study decrypts the successful road of Haier Group’s intelligent manufacturing,and provides reference for the transformation and upgrading of intelligent manufacturing.Finally,the theoretical model of realizing disruptive innovation in intelligent manufacturing enterprises is constructed,and the generation and evolution mechanism of disruptive innovation in intelligent manufacturing enterprises is analyzed and this paper provides academic evidence for Chinese enterprises to better tap the potential of intelligent manufacturing and promote disruptive innovation in the new era.